ὑπό

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See also: υπο-, υπό-, ὑπο-, and ὕπο

Ancient Greek[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

ῠ̔πά (hupá) – Aeolic
ῠ̔παί (hupaí) – Poetic
ῠ̔π’ (hup’) – apocopic
ῠ̔φ’ (huph’) – apocopic, before a vowel with rough breathing

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *upó, with regular rough breathing ῾ (h) before initial υ (u). Cognates include Latin sub and Sanskrit उप (upa).

Pronunciation[edit]

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hy.pó/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)yˈpo/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /yˈpo/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /yˈpo/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈpo/

Preposition[edit]

ῠ̔πό • (hupó) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

(+ genitive)
1. (of place) from underneath
  - Homer, Iliad 21.56
  - Hesiod, Theogony 669
  - Homer, Odyssey 9.141, (compare Plato, Phaedrus 230B)
  - Homer, Iliad 19.17
  - Homer, Iliad 9.248
  - Homer, Iliad 13.198
  - Homer, Iliad 17.224
  - Homer, Iliad 23.86
  - Homer, Iliad 8.543
  - Homer, Odyssey 4.39
  - Homer, Odyssey 9.463
  - Pindar, Nemean Ode 1.55, (compare Olympian Ode 6.74)
  - Euripides, Andromache 441
  - Euripides, Hecuba 53
  1. under, beneath
    - Homer, Odyssey 9.375
    - Homer, Odyssey 9.375
    - Homer, Iliad 4.106
    - Hesiod, Theogony 717
    - Homer, Iliad 3.372
    - Homer, Iliad 8.14
    - Homer, Odyssey 11.52
    - Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 588
2. (of cause or agency) by, through
  - Homer, Iliad 1.242
  - Herodotus, Histories 1.137
  - Herodotus, Histories 3.436
  - Herodotus, Histories 3.61
  - Herodotus, Histories 16.303
  - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.77
  - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.66
  - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.6
  - Thucydides, 4 64
  - Sophocles, Ajax 1321
  - Herodotus, Histories 9.98
  - Euripides, Alcestis 737, (compare Thucydides, 6 32)
  - Sophocles, Women of Trachis 391, (compare Plato, Philebus 66A)
  - Plato, The Republic 359A
  - Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1024
  - Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1.34
  - Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 532
  - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.66
  1. (in pregnant phrases) of immediate acts of an agent, as well as further results
    - Homer, Iliad 13.334
    - Homer, Iliad 18.149
    - Homer, Iliad 13.153
    - Homer, Odyssey 5.320
    - Xenophon, Hellenica 5.1.5
    - Herodotus, Histories 9.78
    - Aeschylus, The Eumenides 99
    - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.78
  2. (in Herodotus and Attic, of things as well as persons)
    - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.77
    - Plato, Theaetetus 142B
    - Homeric Hymn to Demeter 372
    - Aeschylus, Agamemnon 541
    - Sophocles, Electra 1153
    - Herodotus, Histories 1.85, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.33)
    - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.129
    - Herodotus, Histories 8.1
    - Herodotus, Histories 7.21
  3. denoting the attendant or accompanying circumstances
    - Homer, Iliad 2.334
    - Homer, Iliad 16.277
    - Homer, Iliad 18.220
    - Homer, Iliad 4.276
  4. (of accompanying music) to give the time
    - Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 278
    - Archilochus, Collected Works 110
    - Aristophanes, The Acharnians 1001
    - Homer, Iliad 18.492, (compare Euripides, Helen 639)
    - Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1553
    - Euripides, Hippolytus 1299
    - Aristophanes, The Acharnians 970
    - Sophocles, Electra 630
    - Xenophon, Constitution of Sparta 5.7
    - Herodotus, Histories 2.45
(+ dative)
1. (of place or position) under, near
  - Homer, Iliad 2.784
  - Homer, Iliad 2.307
  - Homer, Iliad 2.866, (compare Odyssey 1.186)
  - Herodotus, Histories 6.105
  - Euripides, Hecuba 764, (compare Aeschylus, Agamemnon 860)
  - Homer, Odyssey 14.533
  - Plato, Symposium 222E
  - Homer, Iliad 8.402
  - Homer, Odyssey 7.478
  - Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1164
  - Homer, Iliad 6.453
2. (of agency) under, through, by
  - Homer, Iliad 11.121
  - Homer, Iliad 15.637
  - Homer, Odyssey 13.82
  1. expressing subjection or dependence
    - Homer, Odyssey 3.304, (compare Iliad 9.156)
    - Homer, Odyssey 7.68
    - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.32
    - Herodotus, Histories 7.11
    - Plato, The Republic 391C
    - Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.26
    - Plato, The Republic 563C
    - Plutarch, Cicero 44
    - Herodotus, Histories 7.11, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.64)
    - Herodotus, Histories 7.157
  2. of logical subordination
    - Plato, Symposium 205B
    - Plato, The Republic 511B
    - Plato, Hippias Major 295D
  3. of attendant circumstances
    - Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 283
    - Plutarch, Moralia 2.470E
    - Homer, Odyssey 4.402
    - Plutarch, Publicola 10
    - Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1030
    - Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1022
    - Plutarch, Galba 14
(+ accusative)
1. (of place) to express motion towards and under
  - Homer, Iliad 4.279
  - Homer, Odyssey 3.383
  - Homer, Iliad 18.333
  - Homer, Odyssey 3.335
  - Herodotus, Histories 1.12
  - Homer, Iliad 8.271
  - Herodotus, Histories 9.96
  - Homer, Odyssey 4.146
  - Homer, Iliad 11.181
  - Herodotus, Histories 6.72
  1. of position or extension
    - Homer, Iliad 2.603
    - Herodotus, 5 10
    - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.17
    - Herodotus, Histories 7.114
    - Homer, Iliad 3.371
    - Homer, Iliad 21.26
    - Homer, Odyssey 20.278
    - Euripides, Hecuba 1154
  2. of logical subordination
    - Aristotle, Categories 3.3
2. of subjection, control
  - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.60
3. (of time) just after
  - Homer, Iliad 22.102
  - Herodotus, Histories 6.2
  - Herodotus, Histories 2.142
  - Aristophanes, The Acharnians 139
  - Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.27
  - Plutarch, Alexander the Great 14
  - Homer, Iliad 16.202
  - Herodotus, Histories 1.51
  - Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.8.1
4. of accompaniment
  - Plato, Laws 670A
  - Xenophon, Symposium 6.3
5. to a certain degree
  - Plato, Gorgias 493C
  - Aristophanes, The Wasps 1290

Antonyms[edit]

ὑπέρ (hupér)

Derived terms[edit]

ὕπᾰτος (húpatos)
ὑπέκ (hupék)
ὕπτιος (húptios)

Related terms[edit]

ὕπαιθα (húpaitha)

Descendants[edit]

English: hypo-
Spanish: hipo-
Russian: гипо- (gipo-)

References[edit]

“ὑπό”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὑπό”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ὑπό”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὑπό in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ὑπό in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“ὑπό”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G5259 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- accompaniment idem, page 6.
- after idem, page 17.
- below idem, page 73.
- beneath idem, page 73.
- by idem, page 107.
- deep idem, page 203.
- foot idem, page 333.
- from idem, page 346.
- owing to idem, page 587.
- pressure idem, page 637.
- sound idem, page 796.
- subjection idem, page 831.
- through idem, page 871.
- thumb idem, page 872.
- to idem, page 878.
- tune idem, page 900.
- under idem, page 912.
- underneath idem, page 913.
Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell

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