Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upó
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Possibly from *h₁ewp- (or *h₁wep-), whence also Hittite 𒌋𒌒𒍣 (u-up-zi, “to rise (of the sun)”);[1] but the verb could have come from the adverb instead.[2] Matasović reconstructs the root as *h₃ewp- based on Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, *(o)uxs-.[3] It is unclear whether the Celtic full-grade is secondary or archaic.
Probably with allative suffix *-o.
Adverb
[edit]*upó or *(s)upó
Reconstruction notes
[edit]- Dunkel separates *úp (“above”) / *úpo (“up”)[2] from *súp (“below”) / *súpo (“down”).[4] This separation is unwarranted; the *s- in Italic and Tocharian can be explained as contractions of the compound adverbials *h₁eǵʰs upó and *h₁én-s upó,[5] if not simply reflecting the sporadic s-mobile.
- Note that, in the context of the standard laryngeal model, a reconstruction *upó implies the root to be *wep-. If *h₁ewp- is the correct root, one rather reconstructs *h₁upó, etc.
Alternative reconstructions
[edit]- *h₁upó
- *h₃upó
Derived terms
[edit]- *(s)up-s
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: sus-
- Proto-Italic:
- *(s)up-s-i
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὕψι (húpsi)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *(s)up-s-os ~ *(s)up-s-es-
- *(s)up-ti-os
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὕπτιος (húptios)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- *(s)up-iH-nos
- Proto-Italic:
- Latin: supīnus
- Proto-Italic:
- *(s)up-ér(i)
- *(s)úp-m̥mo-s (“uppermost”)
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Celtic: *uɸo
- Proto-Germanic: *ub (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὑπό (hupó)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úpa, *upa-
- Proto-Italic: *supo (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian B: spe
References
[edit]- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 920
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*úp 'oben', *úpo 'hinauf'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems][1] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 829-834
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*owxsos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 303–304
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*súp 'unten', *súpo 'hinab'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems][2] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 746-751
- ^ Hackstein, Olav (2023), “When words coalesce II: Preverb incorporation in Indo-European”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 11, number 1, , →ISSN, page 28-30 of 1–40
Further reading
[edit]- Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1105