구르다

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 그울다〮 (Yale: kùwùl-tá). Also attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 구울다〮 (Yale: kwùwùl-tá).

Ultimately from pre-Middle Korean <*kùpùl(úl)-> or <*kwùpùl(úl)-> (Vovin 2010, p. 157), which seems to be a compound, though likely no longer analyzable. Conservative dialects in southeastern Korea still preserve the /-p-/ in this word. Perhaps related to the ideophone 구불구불 (gubulgubul, “meanderingly”), and perhaps also to 굽다 (gupda, “to be curved”), in the sense that curved things (e.g. wheels) roll.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kuɾɯda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [구르다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gureuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	guleuda
McCune–Reischauer?	kurŭda
Yale Romanization?	kwuluta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	구르다 (gureuda)
Causative	굴리다 (gullida)

구르다 • (gureuda) (infinitive 굴러, sequential 구르니)

1. (transitive or intransitive) to roll, to roll over

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 구르다 (gureuda): vowel-stem, 르(reu)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	구른다 gureunda	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구릅니다 gureumnida
	Past	굴렀다 gulleotda	굴렀어 gulleosseo	굴렀어요 gulleosseoyo	굴렀습니다 gulleotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	구르느냐 gureuneunya	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구릅니까 gureumnikka
	Past	굴렀느냐 gulleonneunya	굴렀어 gulleosseo	굴렀어요 gulleosseoyo	굴렀습니까 gulleotseumnikka
Hortative		구르자 gureuja	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구르십시다 gureusipsida
Imperative		굴러라 gulleora	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구릅시오 gureupsio
Assertive		구르겠다 gureugetda	구르겠어 gureugesseo	구르겠어요 gureugesseoyo	구르겠습니다 gureugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		굴러 gulleo	굴러서 gulleoseo	구르니 gureuni	구르니까 gureunikka
Contrast		구르지만 gureujiman	구르는데 gureuneunde	구르더니 gureudeoni
Conjunction		구르고 gureugo
Condition		구르면 gureumyeon	굴러야 gulleoya
Motive		구르려고 gureuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		구름 gureum	구르기 gureugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굴렀음 gulleosseum	굴렀기 gulleotgi
Determiners	Past	구른 gureun
	Present	구르는 gureuneun
	Future	구를 gureul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	구르신다 gureusinda	구르셔 gureusyeo	구르세요, 구르셔요 gureuseyo, gureusyeoyo	구르십니다 gureusimnida
	Past	구르셨다 gureusyeotda	구르셨어 gureusyeosseo	구르셨어요 gureusyeosseoyo	구르셨습니다 gureusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	구르시느냐 gureusineunya	구르셔 gureusyeo	구르세요, 구르셔요 gureuseyo, gureusyeoyo	구르십니까 gureusimnikka
	Past	구르셨느냐 gureusyeonneunya	구르셨어 gureusyeosseo	구르셨어요 gureusyeosseoyo	구르셨습니까 gureusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		구르시라 gureusira	구르셔 gureusyeo	구르세요 gureuseyo	구르십시오 gureusipsio
Assertive		구르시겠다 gureusigetda	구르시겠어 gureusigesseo	구르시겠어요 gureusigesseoyo	구르시겠습니다 gureusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		구르셔 gureusyeo	구르셔서 gureusyeoseo	구르시니 gureusini	구르시니까 gureusinikka
Contrast		구르시지만 gureusijiman	구르시는데 gureusineunde	구르시더니 gureusideoni
Conjunction		구르시고 gureusigo
Condition		구르시면 gureusimyeon	구르셔야 gureusyeoya
Motive		구르시려고 gureusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		구르심 gureusim	구르시기 gureusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		구르셨음 gureusyeosseum	구르셨기 gureusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	구르신 gureusin
	Present	구르시는 gureusineun
	Future	구르실 gureusil

Alternative forms

• 굴다 (gulda) (contraction)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 굴러가다 (gulleogada)
• 굴러다니다 (gulleodanida)
• 굴러들다 (gulleodeulda)
• 뒤구르다 (dwigureuda)

Etymology 2

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 구르〮다〮 (Yale: kwùlú-tá).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈku(ː)ɾɯda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [구(ː)르다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gureuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	guleuda
McCune–Reischauer?	kurŭda
Yale Romanization?	kwūluta

Verb

구르다 • (gureuda) (infinitive 굴러, sequential 구르니)

1. (transitive) to stamp, to pound (one's feet)

   발을 동동 구르다 ― bar-eul dongdong gureuda ― to stamp one's feet nervously

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 구르다 (gureuda): vowel-stem, 르(reu)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	구른다 gureunda	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구릅니다 gureumnida
	Past	굴렀다 gulleotda	굴렀어 gulleosseo	굴렀어요 gulleosseoyo	굴렀습니다 gulleotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	구르느냐 gureuneunya	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구릅니까 gureumnikka
	Past	굴렀느냐 gulleonneunya	굴렀어 gulleosseo	굴렀어요 gulleosseoyo	굴렀습니까 gulleotseumnikka
Hortative		구르자 gureuja	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구르십시다 gureusipsida
Imperative		굴러라 gulleora	굴러 gulleo	굴러요 gulleoyo	구릅시오 gureupsio
Assertive		구르겠다 gureugetda	구르겠어 gureugesseo	구르겠어요 gureugesseoyo	구르겠습니다 gureugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		굴러 gulleo	굴러서 gulleoseo	구르니 gureuni	구르니까 gureunikka
Contrast		구르지만 gureujiman	구르는데 gureuneunde	구르더니 gureudeoni
Conjunction		구르고 gureugo
Condition		구르면 gureumyeon	굴러야 gulleoya
Motive		구르려고 gureuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		구름 gureum	구르기 gureugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		굴렀음 gulleosseum	굴렀기 gulleotgi
Determiners	Past	구른 gureun
	Present	구르는 gureuneun
	Future	구를 gureul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	구르신다 gureusinda	구르셔 gureusyeo	구르세요, 구르셔요 gureuseyo, gureusyeoyo	구르십니다 gureusimnida
	Past	구르셨다 gureusyeotda	구르셨어 gureusyeosseo	구르셨어요 gureusyeosseoyo	구르셨습니다 gureusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	구르시느냐 gureusineunya	구르셔 gureusyeo	구르세요, 구르셔요 gureuseyo, gureusyeoyo	구르십니까 gureusimnikka
	Past	구르셨느냐 gureusyeonneunya	구르셨어 gureusyeosseo	구르셨어요 gureusyeosseoyo	구르셨습니까 gureusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		구르시라 gureusira	구르셔 gureusyeo	구르세요 gureuseyo	구르십시오 gureusipsio
Assertive		구르시겠다 gureusigetda	구르시겠어 gureusigesseo	구르시겠어요 gureusigesseoyo	구르시겠습니다 gureusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		구르셔 gureusyeo	구르셔서 gureusyeoseo	구르시니 gureusini	구르시니까 gureusinikka
Contrast		구르시지만 gureusijiman	구르시는데 gureusineunde	구르시더니 gureusideoni
Conjunction		구르시고 gureusigo
Condition		구르시면 gureusimyeon	구르셔야 gureusyeoya
Motive		구르시려고 gureusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		구르심 gureusim	구르시기 gureusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		구르셨음 gureusyeosseum	구르셨기 gureusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	구르신 gureusin
	Present	구르시는 gureusineun
	Future	구르실 gureusil