향하다

Korean

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Korean 햐ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hyǎnghótá), equivalent to 향(向) (hyang) +‎ -하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving active verbs).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈça̠(ː)ŋɦa̠da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [향(ː)하다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	hyanghada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	hyanghada
McCune–Reischauer?	hyanghada
Yale Romanization?	hyānghata

Verb

향하다 • (hyanghada) (infinitive 향해 or 향하여, sequential 향하니, hanja 向하다)

1. (transitive or intransitive) to face; to make for, to go towards

   발걸음이 집으로 향했다.

   Balgeoreum-i jib-euro hyanghaetda.

   (My) steps headed toward home.

   비난이 정부를 향하고 있다.

   Binan-i jeongbu-reul hyanghago itda.

   Criticism is directed at the government.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 향하다 (hyanghada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	향한다 hyanghanda	향해 hyanghae	향해요 hyanghaeyo	향합니다 hyanghamnida
	Past	향했다 hyanghaetda	향했어 hyanghaesseo	향했어요 hyanghaesseoyo	향했습니다 hyanghaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	향하느냐 hyanghaneunya	향해 hyanghae	향해요 hyanghaeyo	향합니까 hyanghamnikka
	Past	향했느냐 hyanghaenneunya	향했어 hyanghaesseo	향했어요 hyanghaesseoyo	향했습니까 hyanghaetseumnikka
Hortative		향하자 hyanghaja	향해 hyanghae	향해요 hyanghaeyo	향하십시다 hyanghasipsida
Imperative		향해라, 향하여라 hyanghaera, hyanghayeora	향해 hyanghae	향해요 hyanghaeyo	향합시오 hyanghapsio
Assertive		향하겠다 hyanghagetda	향하겠어 hyanghagesseo	향하겠어요 hyanghagesseoyo	향하겠습니다 hyanghagetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		향해 hyanghae	향해서, 향하여서 hyanghaeseo, hyanghayeoseo	향하니 hyanghani	향하니까 hyanghanikka
Contrast		향하지만 hyanghajiman	향하는데 hyanghaneunde	향하더니 hyanghadeoni
Conjunction		향하고 hyanghago
Condition		향하면 hyanghamyeon	향해야, 향하여야 hyanghaeya, hyanghayeoya
Motive		향하려고 hyangharyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		향함 hyangham	향하기 hyanghagi
Past-tense verbal nouns		향했음, 향하였음 hyanghaesseum, hyanghayeosseum	향했기, 향하였기 hyanghaetgi, hyanghayeotgi
Determiners	Past	향한 hyanghan
	Present	향하는 hyanghaneun
	Future	향할 hyanghal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	향하신다 hyanghasinda	향하셔 hyanghasyeo	향하세요, 향하셔요 hyanghaseyo, hyanghasyeoyo	향하십니다 hyanghasimnida
	Past	향하셨다 hyanghasyeotda	향하셨어 hyanghasyeosseo	향하셨어요 hyanghasyeosseoyo	향하셨습니다 hyanghasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	향하시느냐 hyanghasineunya	향하셔 hyanghasyeo	향하세요, 향하셔요 hyanghaseyo, hyanghasyeoyo	향하십니까 hyanghasimnikka
	Past	향하셨느냐 hyanghasyeonneunya	향하셨어 hyanghasyeosseo	향하셨어요 hyanghasyeosseoyo	향하셨습니까 hyanghasyeotseumnikka
Imperative		향하시라 hyanghasira	향하셔 hyanghasyeo	향하세요 hyanghaseyo	향하십시오 hyanghasipsio
Assertive		향하시겠다 hyanghasigetda	향하시겠어 hyanghasigesseo	향하시겠어요 hyanghasigesseoyo	향하시겠습니다 hyanghasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		향하셔 hyanghasyeo	향하셔서 hyanghasyeoseo	향하시니 hyanghasini	향하시니까 hyanghasinikka
Contrast		향하시지만 hyanghasijiman	향하시는데 hyanghasineunde	향하시더니 hyanghasideoni
Conjunction		향하시고 hyanghasigo
Condition		향하시면 hyanghasimyeon	향하셔야 hyanghasyeoya
Motive		향하시려고 hyanghasiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		향하심 hyanghasim	향하시기 hyanghasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		향하셨음 hyanghasyeosseum	향하셨기 hyanghasyeotgi
Determiners	Past	향하신 hyanghasin
	Present	향하시는 hyanghasineun
	Future	향하실 hyanghasil