Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéymn̥: difference between revisions

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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
{{root|ine-pro|ine-pro|*ǵʰey-}}
{{root|ine-pro|ine-pro|*ǵʰey-}}
Widely presumed from {{suf|ine-pro|*ǵʰey-|t1=winter|*-mn̥}}, possibly rebuilt from {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰéyomm̥}} or {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰyémm̥}}, accusative singular of ''m''-stem {{m|ine-pro|*ǵʰéyōm|t=winter}}. Alternatively, suggested to derive from either {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰeym-}} or {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰéyōm}} + rare ''n''-stem suffix {{m|ine-pro|*-n̥}}, or perhaps rebuilt from a so-called "''en''-locative", from {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰeyōm}} + adverb {{m|ine-pro|*h₁én|*-én|t=in}}.<ref name="Ozolins" />
May be analysed as a primary derivative {{suf|ine-pro|*ǵʰey-|t1=winter|*-mn̥}}, but this unlikely as all derivatives in daughter languages are based on {{m|ine-pro|*ǵʰéyōm|*ǵʰéy-ōm}}. Thus other possiblilties listed by NIL<ref name="NIL">{{R:ine:NIL|pages=162-163|passage=*ĝʰei̯-m-en-}}</ref> and Ozoliņš (2015)<ref name="Ozolins">{{cite-book|2015|Ozoliņš, Kaspars|Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut (PhD doctorate)|publisher=University of California|location=Los Angeles|page=66-79|chapter=Chapter 4 ''*g̑ʰi̯em-'' 'Winter'}}</ref> are:
* {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰéy-ōm}} + {{m|ine-pro||*-mn̥}} (secondary ''men-''stem),
* {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰéy-ōm}} + {{m|ine-pro|*-n̥}} (secondary ''n-''stem),<ref name="EDHIL">{{R:hit:EDHIL|head=gimm-|pages=475-476|passage=''n''-stem ''*ǵʰeim-n-''}}</ref><ref name="EDG">{{R:grc:EDG|head=χεῖμα|pages=1619-1620|passage=*ǵʰeim-en}}</ref><ref name="Byrd">{{R:ine:Byrd:2015|74}}</ref>
* {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰéy-ōm}} + {{m|ine-pro|*-r̥}} (secondary ''r/n-''stem),<ref name="Rieken">{{R:hit:UnSH|page=362}} (as cited by NIL, page 165)</ref>
* {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰéy-m|pos=loc.sg.}} + {{m|ine-pro|*h₁en|*én|t=in}}, a postpositional phrase meaning "in winter", reanalysed as {{m|ine-pro||*ǵʰéy-men}}, the loc.sg. of a ''men-''stem.<ref name="Ozolins" /><ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|vol=2|page=230}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:Nussbaum:1986|page=189}}</ref>


===Noun===
===Noun===
{{ine-noun|n}}<ref>{{R:ine:EIEC|242|*ĝʰeimen-}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:Byrd:2015|74|''n''-stem ''*g̑ʰei̯mn̥''}}</ref><ref name="EDHIL" /><ref name="EDG">{{R:grc:EDG|head=χεῖμα|pages=1619-1620|passage=*ǵʰeim-en}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:NIL|pages=162-163|passage=*ĝʰei̯-m-en-}}</ref><ref name="Ozolins">{{cite-book|2015|Ozoliņš, Kaspars|Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut (PhD doctorate)|publisher=University of California|location=Los Angeles|page=71|passage=*ĝʰei̯-men-}}</ref><ref>{{R:hit:UnSH|page=77|passage=*g̑ʰei̯mn-}}</ref>
{{ine-noun|n}}<ref name="NIL" /><ref name="Ozolins" /><ref name="EDHIL" /><ref name="EDG" /><ref name="Byrd" /><ref name="Rieken" /><ref>{{R:ine:EIEC|242|*ĝheimen-}}</ref>


# [[winter]]
# [[winter]]
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====Descendants====
====Descendants====
* {{desc|ine-ana-pro}}
* {{desc|ine-ana-pro}}
** {{desc|hit|𒄀𒈠𒀭|tr1=gi-ma-an|ts2=giman|t1=the winter|pos1=acc.sg.|qq1=< acc.sg. {{l|ine-pro||*ǵʰimn̥}}|𒄀𒅎𒈪|tr2=gi-im-mi|t2=in the winter|ts2=gimmi|pos2=dat.loc.sg.|qq2=< loc.sg. {{l|ine-pro||*ǵʰimni}}}}<ref name="EDHIL" /><ref name="EDG" />
** {{desc|hit|𒄀𒈠𒀭|tr1=gi-ma-an|ts2=giman|t1=the winter|pos1=acc.sg.|qq1=< acc.sg. {{l|ine-pro||*ǵʰimn̥}}|𒄀𒅎𒈪|tr2=gi-im-mi|t2=in the winter|ts2=gimmi|pos2=dat.loc.sg.|qq2=< loc.sg. {{l|ine-pro||*ǵʰimni}}}}<ref name="EDHIL">{{R:hit:EDHIL|head=gimm-|pages=475-476|passage=''n''-stem ''*ǵheim-n-''}}</ref><ref name="EDG" />
* {{desc|sqj-pro|alt1=*deimena|alt2=*dimena}}<ref>{{R:sq:Orel|dimër - dimën|page=66|passage=IE *ĝheimen-}}</ref>
* {{desc|sqj-pro|alt1=*deimena|alt2=*dimena}}<ref>{{R:sq:Orel|dimër - dimën|page=66|passage=IE *ĝheimen-}}</ref>
** {{desc|sq|dimër|dimën|t2=winter}}
** {{desc|sq|dimër|dimën|t2=winter}}

Revision as of 21:05, 25 January 2024

 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Widely presumed from *ǵʰey- (“winter”) +‎ *-mn̥, possibly rebuilt from *ǵʰéyomm̥ or *ǵʰyémm̥, accusative singular of m-stem *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”). Alternatively, suggested to derive from either *ǵʰeym- or *ǵʰéyōm + rare n-stem suffix *-n̥, or perhaps rebuilt from a so-called "en-locative", from *ǵʰeyōm + adverb *-én (“in”).[1]

Noun

*ǵʰéymn̥[2][3][4][5][6][1][7]

  1. winter

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
singular collective
nominative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéymō
genitive *ǵʰiméns *ǵʰym̥nés
singular dual plural collective
nominative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéym̥nih₁ — *ǵʰéymō
vocative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéym̥nih₁ — *ǵʰéymō
accusative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéym̥nih₁ — *ǵʰéymō
genitive *ǵʰiméns *? — *ǵʰym̥nés
ablative *ǵʰiméns *? — *ǵʰym̥nés
dative *ǵʰiméney *? — *ǵʰym̥néy
locative *ǵʰimén, *ǵʰiméni *? — *ǵʰimén, *ǵʰiméni
instrumental *ǵʰiménh₁ *? — *ǵʰym̥néh₁

Descendants

  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (gi-ma-an, “the winter”, acc.sg.) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰimn̥), 𒄀𒅎𒈪 (gi-im-mi /⁠gimmi⁠/, “in the winter”, dat.loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰimni)[4][5]
  • Proto-Albanian: *deimena, *dimena[8]
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéimə (< nom.sg. *ǵʰéymn̥)), *kʰeimṓn (< nom.col. *ǵʰéymō))
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma[9]
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma
      • Sanskrit: हेमन् (héman, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in Module:languages/errorGetBy at line 16: Please specify a language or etymology language code in the parameter "1"; the value "2015" is not valid (see Wiktionary:List of languages).
  2. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 242: “*ĝʰeimen-”
  3. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 74: “n-stem *g̑ʰei̯mn̥”
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “gimm-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 475-476: “n-stem *ǵheim-n-”
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χεῖμα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1619-1620: “*ǵʰeim-en”
  6. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 162-163: “*ĝʰei̯-m-en-”
  7. ^ Rieken, Elisabeth (1999) Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien Zu Den Bogazkoy-Texten; 44)‎[1] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, page 77: “*g̑ʰei̯mn-”
  8. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “dimër - dimën”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 66: “IE *ĝheimen-”
  9. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “héman”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 226: “Proto-Indo-Iranian: ȷ́ʰáiman; IE form: ǵʰeimen(-)”
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