Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéyōm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*ǵʰéymn̥

Etymology

From *ǵʰey- (“winter”) +‎ *-ōm.

Noun

*ǵʰéyōm f (oblique stem *ǵʰim-)^[1]^[2]

winter
year (as a measure of time)
Synonyms: *sémh₂r̥ ^?, *wétos, *yóh₁r̥
frost, snow
Synonyms: *snígʷʰs, *snóygʷʰos

Inflection

Per Rieken:^[2]

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵʰéyōm
genitive	*ǵʰimés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰéyōm	—	—
vocative	*ǵʰéyom	—	—
accusative	*ǵʰéyōm	—	—
genitive	*ǵʰimés	—	—
ablative	*ǵʰimés	—	—
dative	*ǵʰiméy	—	—
locative	*ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi	—	—
instrumental	*ǵʰiméh₁	—	—

Per Kloekhorst:^[3]

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵʰyṓm
genitive	*ǵʰimés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰyṓm	—	—
vocative	*ǵʰyém	—	—
accusative	*ǵʰyḗm	—	—
genitive	*ǵʰimés	—	—
ablative	*ǵʰimés	—	—
dative	*ǵʰiméy	—	—
locative	ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi	—	—
instrumental	*ǵʰiméh₁	—	—

Per Beekes:^[1]

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵʰéyōm
genitive	*ǵʰimés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰéyōm	—	—
vocative	*ǵʰyém	—	—
accusative	*ǵʰyḗm	—	—
genitive	*ǵʰimés	—	—
ablative	*ǵʰimés	—	—
dative	*ǵʰiméy	—	—
locative	ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi	—	—
instrumental	*ǵʰiméh₁	—	—

Alternative reconstructions

*ǵʰyṓm^[4]

Derived terms

*ǵʰ(e)i-m-ḗr or *ǵʰéy-m-r̥^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձմեռն (jmeṙn) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰim-ér-m or < *ǵʰimer-n) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰímər
  - Ancient Greek: χῐ́μᾰρος (khĭ́măros) (thematicized)
- ⇒ *ǵʰeym-er-i(H)nó-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeimerinós
    - Ancient Greek: χειμερινός (kheimerinós) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *heimrinos
    - Latin: hībernus, hībernum (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰeym-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeimā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰyem-ōn
- >? Proto-Celtic: *gyemū
  - ⇒ Gaulish: giamonios
*ǵʰyem-os
- Proto-Celtic: *gyemos (see there for further descendants)
*-ǵʰim-os (“wintery, winters old, years old”) (often as a second member of compound adjectives)
- ⇒ *dús-ǵʰim-os
  - Proto-Hellenic: *dúskʰimos
    - Ancient Greek: δύσχιμος (dúskhimos, “winterly, troublesome, fearful, terrible”, literally “of bad winters”)
- ⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *twigimaz (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *dwihimos
    - Latin: bīmus
- ⇒ *h₁oyno-ǵʰim-os (“one year old”, literally “of one winter”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *ainagimaz
    - Proto-West Germanic: (Frankish) *ainagim
      - → Medieval Latin: ingimus (“yearling (lamb)”)
- ⇒ *tri-ǵʰim-os (“three years old”, literally “of three winters”)
  - Proto-Italic: *trihimos
    - Latin: trīmus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-źʰimas
    - Sanskrit: -हिम (-hima) (ex. शतहिम (śatáhima, “hundred-year-old”))
  - Proto-Iranian: *-jimah
    - Avestan: -𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀 (-ziiama)
      - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬋𐬹𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨 (hazaŋrō ziiam, “thousand-year (lit), millennium”)
        → Middle Persian: (/⁠hazangrōzim⁠/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hznglwzym), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hcnklwcym)

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒈪 (gi-e-mi /⁠gyemi⁠/, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰyémi)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ձիւն (jiwn, “snow”) (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós)^[7] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄
- Old Norse: gói (“late winter”), gæ
  - Icelandic: gói, góa
  - Swedish: göja
  - Scanian: Gyja
  - Norwegian Bokmål: gjø (dialectal)
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: gjø, dial. goi, goa, go
  - Danish: gue (dial.)
  - Faroese: gø (“month”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)
- Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *hiem-^[8]
- Latin: hiems

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 196
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rieken, Elisabeth (1999), Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten; 44)‎^[1] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, page 78: “*g̑ʰéi̯-ōm/g̑ʰi̯-ém-i/*g̑ʰi-m-és”
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2024), “Evidence for a new pre-Proto-Indo-European sound law *-ē̆m > PIE *-ō̆m”, in Indogermanische Forschungen, volume 129, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 185–198
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 294.1
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1620
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jmeṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 436–337
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jiwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 434–435
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hiems”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[CIEL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 196

[UnSH-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rieken, Elisabeth (1999), Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten; 44)‎^[1] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, page 78: “*g̑ʰéi̯-ōm/g̑ʰi̯-ém-i/*g̑ʰi-m-és”

[3] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2024), “Evidence for a new pre-Proto-Indo-European sound law *-ē̆m > PIE *-ō̆m”, in Indogermanische Forschungen, volume 129, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 185–198

[4] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 294.1

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1620

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jmeṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 436–337

[7] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jiwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 434–435

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hiems”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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