hibernum

Latin

Alternative forms

• hybernum (medieval)

Etymology

Ellipsis of hībernum tempus, literally 'winter-time'. Eventually came to replace hiems (“winter”) in the development from Latin to Romance.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /hiːˈber.num/, [hiːˈbɛrnʊ̃ˑ]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /iˈber.num/, [iˈbɛrnum]

Noun

hībernum n (genitive hībernī); second declension

1. winter

   Synonym: hiems

2. (in the plural) winter quarters

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	hībernum	hīberna
Genitive	hībernī	hībernōrum
Dative	hībernō	hībernīs
Accusative	hībernum	hīberna
Ablative	hībernō	hībernīs
Vocative	hībernum	hīberna

Adjective

hībernum

1. inflection of hībernus:
   1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular
   2. accusative masculine singular

Related terms

• hībernāculum
• hībernālis
• hībernō
• hībernus

Descendants

• Eastern Romance:
  • Aromanian: earnã, iarã
  • Romanian: iarnă
• Old Occitan: ivern
  • Catalan: hivern
  • Occitan: ivèrn
• Old French: hyvier, yver, iver
  • Middle French: hyver
    • French: hiver
    • Norman: hivé
  • Walloon: ivier
• Sardinian:
  • Campidanese: ierru
  • Logudorese: jerru, ierru
  • Nuorese: iberru, ivverru
• West Iberian:
  • Old Leonese: [Term?]
    • Asturian: iviernu, hibiernu
    • Leonese: hibiernu
  • Old Spanish: yvierno
• Vulgar Latin: *invernum
  • Gallo-Italic:
    • Piedmontese: invern
  • Italo-Dalmatian:
    • Dalmatian: inviarno
    • Italian: inverno
    • Sicilian: nvèrnu
  • Rhaeto-Romance:
    • Friulian: unviêr
    • Romansch: enviern
  • Venetian: inverno
  • West Iberian:
    • Old Portuguese: inverno
      • Galician: inverno
      • Portuguese: inverno
    • Old Spanish: ynvierno
      • Spanish: invierno

References

• hibernum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) in spring, summer, autumn, winter time: verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore
    
  • (ambiguous) winter-quarters, summer-quarters: castra hiberna, aestiva
    
  • (ambiguous) to take the troops to their winter-quarters: milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere
    
• Adams, James Noel. 1976. The text and language of a Vulgar Latin chronicle (Anonymous Valesianus II). London: Institute of Classical Studies. Page 83.