Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/oko

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ak-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).

Noun

*ȍko n

1. eye

Inflection

Declension of *ȍko (s-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ȍko	*ȍčesi	*očesà
genitive	*ȍčese	*očesù	*očèsъ
dative	*ȍčesi	*očesьmà	*očèsьmъ
accusative	*ȍko	*ȍčesi	*očesà
instrumental	*ȍčesьmь	*očesьmà	*očesý
locative	*ȍčese	*očesù	*očèsьxъ
vocative	*ȍko	*ȍčesi	*očesà

Declension of *ȍko (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ȍko	*ȍcě	*okà
genitive	*ȍka	*okù	*òkъ
dative	*ȍku	*okomà	*okòmъ
accusative	*ȍko	*ȍcě	*okà
instrumental	*ȍkъmь, *ȍkomь*	*okomà	*oký
locative	*ȍcě	*okù	*ocě̃xъ
vocative	*ȍko	*ȍcě	*okà

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Declension of *ȍči (i-stem, accent paradigm c)

	dual
nominative	*ȍči
genitive	*očьjù, *oču*
dative	*očьmà
accusative	*ȍči
instrumental	*očьmà
locative	*očьjù, *oču*
vocative	*ȍči

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

In addition to the above declensions, there were i-stem dual forms. Old Church Slavic has an o-stem singular, i-stem dual, and s-stem plural, while Russian has an o-stem singular, and an i-stem plural derived from the old dual.

Derived terms

• *okъno (“window”)
• *obačiti (“to watch”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: око (oko)
    • Old Belarusian: око (oko), воко (voko)
      • Belarusian: во́ка (vóka); о́ко (óko), ако́ (akó) (dialectal)
    • Russian: о́ко (óko) (dated, archaic); во́ка (vóka) (dialectal)
    • Old Ukrainian: око (oko), воко (voko)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: о́ко (óko); во́ко (vóko) (colloquial)
      • Ukrainian: о́ко (óko), во́ко (vóko); го́ко (hóko) (dialectal)
  • Old Novgorodian: око (oko)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: око (oko)

    Glagolitic script: ⱁⰽⱁ (oko)

  • Bulgarian: око́ (okó); о́ко (óko), уко́ (ukó), о́ку (óku) (dialectal)
  • Macedonian: око (oko); о́ку (óku), уко́ту (ukótu) (dialectal)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: о̏ко

    Latin script: ȍko

    • Chakavian : ȍko
    • Chakavian : ȍko
    • Chakavian : õko
    • Chakavian : ȍko
    • Kajkavian : jyeke
    • Kajkavian : 'oko
  • Old Slovene: oko, okù
    • Slovene: okọ̑; wóq, oko, ạ̏ku, 'uko, voka, akuó, öku (dialectal)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: oko
    • Czech: oko
      • Moravian : oko
  • Kashubian: òkò
  • Polabian: våťü
  • Old Polish: oko
    • Polish: oko; u̯okᵘ̯o, u̯ekᵘ̯e (dialectal)
  • Silesian: uoko
  • Old Slovak: oko
    • Slovak: oko; joko (dialectal)
  • Slovincian: vʉ̀ɵ̯kɵ, u̯okᵘ̯o, oko
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: woko
    • Lower Sorbian: woko

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Hungarian: Aka (toponym)

Further reading

• Trubachyov, O., Zhuravlyov, A. F., editors (2005), “*oko”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 32 (*obžьnъ – *orzbotati), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 41
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “око”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• “akis”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012