Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ṯawr-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Compare Proto-Indo-European *táwros; may be borrowed from or into, or possibly both from a common unknown source.

Noun

*ṯawr- m

1. bull, ox

Inflection

Declension of *ṯawr-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ṯawrum	*ṯawrāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ṯawrim	*ṯawrayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ṯawram
possessive forms
1st person	*ṯawrī / *ṯawrVya	—	*ṯawrVni
2nd person m	*ṯawrVka	*ṯawrVkumā / *ṯawrVkumay	*ṯawrVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ṯawrVki		*ṯawrVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ṯawrVšu	*ṯawrVšumā / *ṯawrVšumay	*ṯawrVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ṯawrVša		*ṯawrVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ṯawruya for nom. case, *ṯawriya for gen. case, *ṯawraya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ṯawr- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ṯawruka *ṯawrāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ṯawrika *ṯawrayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ṯawraka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ṯawr- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ṯawruki *ṯawrāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ṯawriki *ṯawrayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ṯawraki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒋗𒌑𒊒 (šūrum)
  • Eblaite: 𒄞𒌉 (GU₄.TUR /⁠šu-lum⁠/)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: ثَوْر (ṯawr)
      • Egyptian Arabic: تور (tōr)
      • Gulf Arabic: ثور (ṯōr)
      • Hijazi Arabic: ثور (tōr, ṯōr)
      • South Levantine Arabic: تور (tōr)
      • Moroccan Arabic: تور (tūr, tawr)
      • → Azerbaijani: sövr, Sövr
      • → Chagatai: ثور
        • Uzbek: savr, Savr
      • → Persian: ثور (sowr)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic: תַּוְרָא (tawrā) / ܬܱ݁ܘܪܳܐ (tawrā)
        • → Middle Persian:

          Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (twwr /⁠*tawar⁠/, “bull, ox”)

          • Persian: تاول (tâvel, “bull, ox”) (obsolete)
            • → Armenian: տավար (tavar, “beef”)
        • → Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tʾβʾr, “livestock, goods”)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: שׁוֹר (shor, šôr)
        • Phoenician: 𐤔𐤓 (šr /⁠šōr⁠/)
          • Punic: 𐤔𐤓 (šr /⁠šūr⁠/)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎘𐎗 (ṯr)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Minaean: 𐩻𐩥𐩧 (ṯwr)
      • Qatabanian: 𐩻𐩥𐩧 (ṯwr)
      • Sabaean: 𐩻𐩥𐩧 (ṯwr), 𐩻𐩧 (ṯr)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Ge'ez: ሶር (sor)
    • Tigrinya: ሶር (sor)
    • Tigre: ሶር (sor)