Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kləj

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

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Etymology

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  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *xryid (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *kləy (Matisoff, STEDT); *kliy (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *klyiy (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kləy (Chou, 1972)

This root is sometimes thought to be related with Proto-Tai *C̬.qɯjᶜ (excrement), whence Thai ขี้ (kîi) and Zhuang haex (Schuessler, 2007). Also note the resemblance with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəj (dirt, filth) (whence Burmese ကြေး (kre:, grime, dirt)) (STEDT).

Noun

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*kləj

  1. shit, dung, excrement

Descendants

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  • Old Chinese: (*qʰijʔ, *l̥ij (B-S), *hliʔ, *hri (ZS), shit, dung, excrement)
    • Middle Chinese: (ɕɣiɪX, hiɪ)
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      **:

      Japanese:  (, ​shi)
      Korean:  (, si)
      Vietnamese: thỉ ()

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: (shǐ), /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/)
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: /ɕiː³⁵/
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: /sz̩³⁴/
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: /sai⁵¹/ (colloquial), /su⁵¹/ (literary)
  • Kamarupan
    • "Naga"
      • Northern Naga: *CⓁ-kləy (French, 1983)
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: ལྕི་བ (lci ba, dung (esp. of cow)) (via Conrady's law + Coblin's law)
      • Tamangic: *kli¹ (Mazaudon, 1978)
    • Mahakiranti: *khli (Michaelovsky, 1991)
  • Jingpho-Asakian
    • Jingpho
      • Jingpho [Kachin]: hkyi (excrement)
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Northern Tangut
      • Tangut: 𘉳 (*lhjị²)
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
      • Proto-Loloish: *ʔ/k(l)e² (Bradley, 1979)
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): (xy, excrement, faeces) (> ꑭꒉ (xy yy, liquid excrement))
        • Central Loloish
          • Lisu (Southern): ꓛꓲꓽ (tʃʰì, dung, faeces), also ꓞꓲꓽ (tsʰɨ̀, faeces)
  • Karenic:

See also

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