Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kallis
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Unknown. The shape of the word suggests borrowing, but the exact origin remains unclear.
Plötz (2013) suggests derivation either from some Baltic or Germanic descendant of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, protrude”) (compare Latvian celties (“to rise”), Lithuanian kalnas (“hill”), Old Norse hellir (“cave”), Icelandic hallur (“cliff”)) such as Germanic *hallīz/*hallaz or Baltic *kalnas, through a meaning “high (in price)”. If the original meaning was “dear, precious” instead, Plötz proposes another source: (Late) Proto-Norse *hallīz ~ *hallaz (“attached, kind”), although the chronology in this case is not entirely clear.[1]
Earlier other Germanic loan etymologies have been proposed, with problems either in semantics (compare Old Norse hallæri (“poor harvest”)) or phonetics (Proto-Germanic *alja- seen in Old Norse elja (“concubine”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-yo-).[2]
Adjective
[edit]*kallis[3]
Inflection
[edit]| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *kallis | *kallihët | |
| accusative | *kallihën | *kallihët | |
| genitive | *kallihën | *kallistën *kallihidën | |
| partitive | *kallista | *kallihita | |
| inessive | *kallihëssa *kallihëhna |
*kallihissa *kallihihna | |
| elative | *kallihësta | *kallihista | |
| illative | *kallihësën | *kallihisën | |
| adessive | *kallihëlla | *kallihilla | |
| ablative | *kallihëlta | *kallihilta | |
| allative | *kallihëlën *kallihëlëk |
*kallihilën *kallihilëk | |
| essive | *kallissa | *kallihina | |
| translative | *kallihëksi | *kallihiksi | |
| instructive | *kallihën | *kallihin | |
| comitative | *kallissëk | *kallihinëk | |
| abessive | *kallihëtta | *kallihitta | |
Descendants
[edit]- Estonian: kallis
- Finnish: kallis
- Ingrian: kallis
- Karelian:
- Livonian: (Salaca) kaĺĺ
- Livvi: kallis
- Ludian: kalliž
- Veps: kalliž
- Võro: kallis
- Votic: kalliz
References
[edit]- ^ Plötz, Oliver. 2013. "Ostseefinnisch, Germanisch, Baltisch: Zur Sekundärüberlieferung der germanischen und baltischen" *-i(ia)-Adjektive und zur Etymologie von fi. kallis 'teuer; lieb', urgerm. χalđiz 'eher; lieber' und idg. *kol(H)-no- 'hoch'. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 10: 137–179.
- ^ Kylstra, A.D., Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa, Hofstra, Tette, Nikkilä, Otto, editors (1991–2012), “kallis”, in Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen (in German), Amsterdam: Rodopi
- ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*kallis”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary][1] (in Finnish)
Further reading
[edit]- Erkki Itkonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, editors (1992–2000), “kallis”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][2] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN