Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwehwlą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlom (“wheel”). The plural *hweulō is from the Proto-Indo-European collective *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), and the neuter gender was likely back-formed from that.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxʷe.xʷlɑ̃/
• Rhymes: -e.xʷlɑ̃

Noun

*hwehwlą n

1. wheel

   Synonym: *raduraz

Inflection

The plural *hweulō descends from an Indo-European collective noun and shows the original Verner alternant *gw, which later became *w (represented by *u).

Declension of *hwehwlą (neuter a-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
vocative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
accusative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
genitive	*hwehwlas, *hwihwlis	*hweulǫ̂
dative	*hwehwlai	*hweulamaz
instrumental	*hwehwlō	*hweulamiz

Related terms

• *hwelą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hwehwl
  • Old English:
    • Old English: (from singular) hweogl, hweogol, hweohl, hweowl, hweowol
    • Old English: (from plural) hwēol
      • Middle English: whel, hwel, wel, wele, wheel, wheele, whele, whelle, wheyl, wheyle, whiel (Buckinghamshire, East Saxon), quel, qweel, qwel, qwell (East Anglia), hueȝel (Kent), ȝweol, weol, wheol (especially Southern, West Midland), hweol (AB language), quele, quile, qwele, qwhele, weile, weyll (especially Northern, North Midland), qweyll, wheylle (Catholicon Anglicum)
        • English: wheel
          • → Māori: wīra
        • Middle Scots: quhel, quhele, quheil, quheile
          • Scots: wheel
        • Yola: wheel
  • Old Frisian: hwēl (in compounds), fiāl, tziāl
    • North Frisian: weyel, weel
    • Saterland Frisian: Wäil, Jool
    • West Frisian:
      • West Frisian: weeile, weyl
      • West Frisian: fjil, tsjil, tsjel
  • Old Saxon: hwiol
    • Middle Low German: wêl, wiel
      • German Low German: Weel
  • Old Dutch: *wiol
    • Middle Dutch: wiel, weel
      • Dutch: wiel
        • Afrikaans: wiel
        • Negerhollands: wiel, wil
        • → Caribbean Javanese: wil
        • → Papiamentu: wil, wiel
        • → Sranan Tongo: wiri
      • Limburgish: weel
      • → Old Frisian: wēl
        • West Frisian: wiele
  • Old High German: *wihil
    • >? Middle High German: *wihel (possibly extinct as simplex)
      • >? German: Wiel, Wiele (“whirl, vortex”, 15th c., may be from Low German, but uncertain)
    • ⇒ Old High German: wihilstein; *wihilasca
      • German: wihelstein; *wihelesche
        • German: Wielstein; Wielesche
• Old Norse:
  • Old Norse: (from singular) hvél, hvel, huel, hvǽl
    • Faroese: hvæl
    • Icelandic: hvel
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: kvel
    • >? Old Danish: væle, vele, velge (“rolled up material”)
      • Danish: væle, (†) vælle, væl
    • >? Old Swedish: vele (“rolled up material”) (later intermixed with Middle Low German dwēle, Middle High German twēle, dwēle (“towel”))
      • Swedish: (†) vele, vel, hvel, hwel, hveel, hweel, hvehl, hwehl, hveehl, hweehl, (dialectal) hvel (“rolled up material”), hvell (“whirl; propeller”)
        • Swedish: (dialectal; verb) hvela
  • Old Norse: (from plural) hjól
    • Danish: hjul
    • Elfdalian: juol
    • Faroese: hjól
    • Icelandic: hjól
    • Norn: hurl
    • Norwegian:
      • Norwegian Bokmål: hjul
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: hjul
    • Old Swedish: hiūl, hiughl
      • Swedish: hjul