Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krakjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gerg-, *grā- (“to crow, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian girgždėti (“to creak, squeak”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkrɑ.kjɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*krakjaną

1. (West Germanic) to crack; crackle; shriek

Inflection

Conjugation of *krakjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krakjō	*krakjaų	—	*krakjai	?
2nd singular	*krakisi	*krakjais	*kraki	*krakjasai	*krakjaisau
3rd singular	*krakiþi	*krakjai	*krakjaþau	*krakjaþai	*krakjaiþau
1st dual	*krakjōs	*krakjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*krakjaþiz	*krakjaiþiz	*krakjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*krakjamaz	*krakjaim	—	*krakjanþai	*krakjainþau
2nd plural	*krakiþ	*krakjaiþ	*krakiþ	*krakjanþai	*krakjainþau
3rd plural	*krakjanþi	*krakjain	*krakjanþau	*krakjanþai	*krakjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krakidǭ	*krakidēdį̄
2nd singular	*krakidēz	*krakidēdīz
3rd singular	*krakidē	*krakidēdī
1st dual	*krakidēdū	*krakidēdīw
2nd dual	*krakidēdudiz	*krakidēdīdiz
1st plural	*krakidēdum	*krakidēdīm
2nd plural	*krakidēdud	*krakidēdīd
3rd plural	*krakidēdun	*krakidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*krakjandz	*krakidaz

Related terms

• *krakōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *krakkjan
  • Old English: *cræċċan, *ċiercan, ċircan
    • Middle English: cracchen, crykken, cherken, chirken
      • English: chirk
      • Scots: chirk, jirg
  • Old Dutch: *krekken, *kreken
    • Middle Dutch: kricken, creken
      • Dutch: krieken; krikken (dialectal)
      • ⇒ Middle Dutch: crekelen
        • Dutch: krekelen (dialectal)
      • →? Middle English: creken, criken
        • English: creak
      • → Old French: *criker
        • Middle French: crikier
          • French: criquer
  • Old High German: krehhen, krechen, krekken, krecken
    • Middle High German: krechen