Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]*þiudiskaz
Inflection
[edit]Declension of *þiudiskaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *þiudiskaz | *þiudiskai | *þiudiskō | *þiudiskôz | *þiudiską, -atō | *þiudiskō |
| Accusative | *þiudiskanǭ | *þiudiskanz | *þiudiskǭ | *þiudiskōz | *þiudiską, -atō | *þiudiskō |
| Genitive | *þiudiskas, -is | *þiudiskaizǫ̂ | *þiudiskaizōz | *þiudiskaizǫ̂ | *þiudiskas, -is | *þiudiskaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *þiudiskammai | *þiudiskaimaz | *þiudiskaizōi | *þiudiskaimaz | *þiudiskammai | *þiudiskaimaz |
| Instrumental | *þiudiskanō | *þiudiskaimiz | *þiudiskaizō | *þiudiskaimiz | *þiudiskanō | *þiudiskaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *þiudiskô | *þiudiskaniz | *þiudiskǭ | *þiudiskōniz | *þiudiskô | *þiudiskōnō |
| Accusative | *þiudiskanų | *þiudiskanunz | *þiudiskōnų | *þiudiskōnunz | *þiudiskô | *þiudiskōnō |
| Genitive | *þiudiskiniz | *þiudiskanǫ̂ | *þiudiskōniz | *þiudiskōnǫ̂ | *þiudiskiniz | *þiudiskanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *þiudiskini | *þiudiskammaz | *þiudiskōni | *þiudiskōmaz | *þiudiskini | *þiudiskammaz |
| Instrumental | *þiudiskinē | *þiudiskammiz | *þiudiskōnē | *þiudiskōmiz | *þiudiskinē | *þiudiskammiz |
Descendants
[edit]In the late Middle Ages, the word acquired a specialized sense referring to vernacular Germanic languages on the continent, specifically, Dutch, German, and Low German, which were not strongly distinguished from each other at the time, as opposed to the Latin of the scholarly elite and the Church. Because of the Holy Roman Empire's preeminence, the word narrowed in meaning to refer solely to German in most languages, with English Dutch and archaic Dutch Diets (“Middle Dutch”) being notable exceptions.
- Proto-West Germanic: *þiudisk
- Old English: þēodisc, þīodisċ
- Old Frisian: thiōsk
- West Frisian: Tsjutsk (“German”) (obsolete)
- Old Saxon: thiudisk
- Old Dutch: *thiudisc
- Old High German: diutisk, diutisc
- Middle High German: diutsc
- Alemannic German: tüütsch, dütsch, düütsch, Dütsch, Ditsch, Dytsch
- Bavarian: daitsch, deitsch, taitsch
- Central Franconian: dütsch, döksch, deitsch
- East Central German: deitsch
- German: deutsch; Deutsch
- Luxembourgish: däitsch; Däitsch
- Rhine Franconian: daitsch, deitsch
- Vilamovian: daojć
- Yiddish: דײַטש (daytsh), טײַטש (taytsh)
- Middle High German: diutsc
- Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus
- Old Norse: þýzkr, þýskr, þýðskr, þýðiskr
- Icelandic: þýskur
- Faroese: týskur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tysk, tydsk
- Old Swedish: þȳþisker, þȳzker
- Old Danish: thȳthæsk, thȳzk
- Gutnish: töiskar
- → Northern Sami: Duiska (from a Germanic, probably North Germanic, language)
- ⇒ Old Norse: þýðverskr, þýðerskr, þýðeskr
- Icelandic: þýðverskur
- Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*þiudisks) (in 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (þiudiskō, adverb))
- → Medieval Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus (see there for further descendants)