Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰh₂éns

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Likely of imitative origin. See *gerh₂ḗn (“crane”) for a similar onomatopoeia-based bird name.

Nonetheless, Hyllested and others have suggested a (genetic) relationship with Proto-Finno-Ugric *joŋkće, with regular correspondence of Proto-Uralic *j- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰ-.^[1] Similarity to Proto-Turkic *kāz (“goose”) is often discussed as well, but this is likely coincidental.

Noun

*ǵʰh₂éns f^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

goose

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵʰh₂éns
genitive	*ǵʰh₂n̥sés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰh₂éns	*ǵʰh₂énsh₁(e)	*ǵʰh₂énses
vocative	*ǵʰh₂éns	*ǵʰh₂énsh₁(e)	*ǵʰh₂énses
accusative	*ǵʰh₂énsm̥	*ǵʰh₂énsh₁(e)	*ǵʰh₂énsm̥s
genitive	*ǵʰh₂n̥sés	*?	*ǵʰh₂n̥sóHom
ablative	*ǵʰh₂n̥sés	*?	ǵʰh₂n̥smós, ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰós
dative	*ǵʰh₂n̥séy	*?	ǵʰh₂n̥smós, ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰós
locative	ǵʰh₂éns, ǵʰh₂énsi	*?	*ǵʰh₂n̥sú
instrumental	*ǵʰh₂n̥séh₁	*?	ǵʰh₂n̥smís, ǵʰh₂n̥sbʰís

Alternative reconstructions

*ǵʰáns^[9]^[10]^[11]

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *gatā
- Albanian: gatë
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źansís / *gansís (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *gansis (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *gans (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kʰā́n
- Ancient Greek: χήν (khḗn)
  Doric Greek: χᾱ́ν (khā́n)
  - Greek: χήνα (chína)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀜 (ka-no /⁠kʰā́nhos⁠/, gen.sg.), 𐀏𐀯 (ka-si /⁠kʰā́si⁠/, dat.pl.)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰansás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *hāns (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Hyllested, Adam (2008), “Internal Reconstruction vs. External Comparison: The Case of the Indo-Uralic Laryngeals”, in Jens Elmegård Rasmussen & Thomas Olander, editors, Internal Reconstruction in Indo-European: Methods, Results, and Problems : Section Papers from the XVI International Conference on Historical Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, 11th–15th August, 2003‎^[1], Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 118 of 111–136: “VI”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χήν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1630
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ānser”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 44
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*gansi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 151
^ Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “gatë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 111
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gǫ̑sь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “žąsis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*gans-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13, 121, 170, 222
^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2234
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “ham̐sá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 799

[1] Hyllested, Adam (2008), “Internal Reconstruction vs. External Comparison: The Case of the Indo-Uralic Laryngeals”, in Jens Elmegård Rasmussen & Thomas Olander, editors, Internal Reconstruction in Indo-European: Methods, Results, and Problems : Section Papers from the XVI International Conference on Historical Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, 11th–15th August, 2003‎^[1], Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 118 of 111–136: “VI”

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χήν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1630

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ānser”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 44

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*gansi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

[5] Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “gatë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 111

[6] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gǫ̑sь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184

[7] Derksen, Rick (2015), “žąsis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514

[8] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*gans-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

[9] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13, 121, 170, 222

[10] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2234

[11] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “ham̐sá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 799

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]