Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰébʰōl

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Uncertain,^[1] but seemingly from *gʰebʰ- (“to give; to take?”) +‎ *-ōl / *-l̥. Similar in formation to the synonym *káp-ōl, which likewise may be from *kap- (“to seize”), a sound-symbolic “chiming root” to *gʰebʰ-.

Noun

*gʰébʰōl m or f ^[2]

head
Synonyms: *kap-, *ḱérh₂sō
top

Reconstruction notes

Root-final *h₂ may be assumed to account for Greek a, but this is unnecessary^[2] (compare Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός (omphalós) < *h₃m̥bʰ-l̥-ós).
According to Kroonen, the Germanic forms with root vowel *a may reflect an o-grade accusative singular *gʰobʰélm̥.^[2]

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*gʰébʰōl
genitive	*gʰbʰlés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʰébʰōl	*gʰébʰolh₁(e)	*gʰébʰoles
vocative	*gʰébʰol	*gʰébʰolh₁(e)	*gʰébʰoles
accusative	*gʰébʰolm̥	*gʰébʰolh₁(e)	*gʰébʰolm̥s
genitive	*gʰbʰlés	*?	*gʰbʰlóHom
ablative	*gʰbʰlés	*?	gʰbʰl̥mós, gʰbʰl̥bʰós
dative	*gʰbʰléy	*?	gʰbʰl̥mós, gʰbʰl̥bʰós
locative	gʰbʰél, gʰbʰéli	*?	*gʰbʰl̥sú
instrumental	*gʰbʰléh₁	*?	gʰbʰl̥mís, gʰbʰl̥bʰís

Alternative reconstructions

*gʰebal-^[3]
*gʰébʰ-l̥ n^[2]
*gʰébʰh₂-l̥, *gʰébʰh₂-ōl^[2] (see notes)

Descendants

All attested descendants have been thematicized.

Proto-Germanic: *gebla-, *gabla- m (“head; top, summit; gable”)^[2]
- Proto-West Germanic: *gebl m
  - Old High German: gebal (“head, cranium”)
    - Middle High German: gebel (“skull”)
- Proto-West Germanic: *gebil m (“gable”)
  - Old Dutch:
    - Middle Dutch: gevel
      - Dutch: gevel
        Afrikaans: gewel
        → Indonesian: gewel
        → Papiamentu: gevel, hevel (dated)
        → West Frisian: gevel
  - Old High German: gibil; gibilla f
    - Middle High German:
      - German: Giebel
- Old Norse: gafl
  - Icelandic: gafl
  - Faroese: galvur
  - Norn: gabel, gevel
  - Norwegian Bokmål: gavl
  - Swedish: gavel
  - Danish: gavl
  - → Old French: gable
    - → Middle English: *gable
      - English: gable
    - French: gâble
- Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌻𐌰 (gibla, “pinnacle”)
(pre-)Proto-Hellenic: *kʰépʰəl
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *kepʰəlā́ f
  - Ancient Greek: κεφαλή (kephalḗ)^[1]
  - Ancient Macedonian: κεβαλή (kebalḗ), κεβλή (keblḗ)
Proto-Tocharian: *ćäpāl(ä) n (“head”)^[4]
- Tocharian A: śpāl
- Tocharian B: śpāl
Unknown:
- →? Latin: Cībalae
- →? Ancient Greek: γαβαλάν (gabalán)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κεφαλή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 682–683
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*gebla(n)- ~ *gabla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173
^ Ringe, Don. 2017. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: OUP. Pp. 13, 121
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “^×śpāl*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703

[EDG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κεφαλή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 682–683

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*gebla(n)- ~ *gabla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173

[3] Ringe, Don. 2017. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: OUP. Pp. 13, 121

[DTB-4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “^×śpāl*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703

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