Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewtéh₂
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Reconstruction[edit]
Clear cognates are found only in Italo-Celtic, Balto-Slavic and Germanic, which may point to an old European substrate word,[1] geographically confined to the west and center of the IE world.
Persian توده (tôda, “masses; heap; stack, hill, rick, tumulus”) and its Iranian cognates are sometimes considered descendants, but the semantic divergence is difficult to reconcile.[2]
The supposed Hittite cognate 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) with the semantic shift "people" > "army" > "camp" has been criticized to be unlikely (the normal development would be "camp" > "army").[3] Kloekhorst furthermore argues that the Hittite word can formally only reflect an i-stem tewt-i-, and finally endorses an alternative etymology proposed by Melchert, from PIE *dʰh₁-uti-.
Often a derivation from either of the roots *tewh₂- (“to be strong; swell”)[4] (referring to the strength of community) and *tewH- (“to look favorably; protect; observe”)[5] + *-téh₂ is considered, but the presence of a laryngeal renders that suspect.[6]
Noun[edit]
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*tewtéh₂ f[7]
Inflection[edit]
| Thematic in *-eh₂ | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *tewtéh₂ | ||
| genitive | *tewtéh₂s | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *tewtéh₂ | — | — |
| vocative | *tewtéh₂ | — | — |
| accusative | *tewtā́m | — | — |
| genitive | *tewtéh₂s | — | — |
| ablative | *tewtéh₂s | — | — |
| dative | *tewtéh₂ey | — | — |
| locative | *tewtéh₂, *tewtéh₂i | — | — |
| instrumental | *tewtéh₂h₁ | — | — |
Coordinate terms[edit]
- *déh₂mos (“segment (of people)”)
- Ancient Greek: δῆμος (dêmos)
- *h₁léwdʰis (“people”)
- *pleh₁dʰwéh₁s (“mass (of people)”)
Derived terms[edit]
- *swe-tewtéh₂- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))
Descendants[edit]
- >? Proto-Albanian:
- >? Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖 (tuzziš, “army; camp”) (uncertain)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *t(j)autāˀ
- Proto-Germanic: *þeudō (see there for further descendants)
- Illyrian: *Teuta, *Teut-[8]
- Proto-Italic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *toutā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawtáH (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: τευτους (teutous, acc.pl.)
Further reading[edit]
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 417f
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 908
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 639
References[edit]
- ^ Kloekhorst 2008: 908
- ^ EIEC: 417
- ^ Benveniste (1962: 122-5) apud Kloekhorst 2008: 908
- ^ LIV2: 639
- ^ LIV2: 639
- ^ EIEC: 417
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ "Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics", Matthias Fritz, 2018 - https://books.google.ch/books?id=zniWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT628&dq