Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*tewh₂-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to swell, grow fat
Synonyms: *h₂eyd-, *ḱewh₁-, *peyh₂-
to become strong
Synonyms: *h₂ewg-, *h₂weks-

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁tewh₂-^[4]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tewh₂- (104 c, 0 e)

*téwh₂-ti ~ *tuh₂-énti (athematic root present)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *tỳti (“to become fat”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwHti
    - Vedic Sanskrit: तवीति (tavīti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *táwHti (“to be able, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

^? *ti-téwh₂-ti ~ *ti-tuh₂-énti (reduplicated athematic present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwt (3sg.inj.)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwt
    - Vedic Sanskrit: तूतोत् (tūtot, 3sg.aor.inj.)

*te-tówh₂-e ~ *te-tuh₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)^[1]^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwHa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwHa
    - Vedic Sanskrit: तू॒ताव॑ (tūtā́va, “to be strong, have power”, 3sg.prf.act.)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tutáwHa
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬏𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tūtauua, “is possible”, pf.)

*towh₂-éye-ti (eye-present)^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *táwīˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *toviti (“to fatten, cause to gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)^[6]^[4]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐτάζω (etázō, “to text, examine”)
- Proto-Italic: *towēo^[5] (or from *towh₂-éye-ti^[5])
  - Latin: tueor (“to look at, watch over”)

>? *tewh₂-k-

*téwh₂-mn̥ ~ *tuh₂-mén-s
- Proto-Italic: *tōmentom^[7]
  - Latin: tōmentum (see there for further descendants)

*téwh₂-mō ~ *tuh₂-m̥nés
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwmā
  - Proto-Iranian: *táwmā (“strength, power, capacity”)
    - Old Persian: 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠 (t-u-m-a /⁠taumā⁠/, nom.-acc.sg.), 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 (t-u-m-n-i-š-i-y /⁠taumanišaiy⁠/, nom.-acc.pl.)

*téwh₂-os ~ *téwh₂-es-os (“might, power”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHas (see there for further descendants)

*tewh₂-s-ós

*tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́wHā ~ *tāwHnás
  - Proto-Iranian: *tā́wHā ~ *tāwHnáh
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hwatā́wHā ~ *hwatāwHnás (see there for further descendants)

*tewh₂-s- (“swelling”)^[2]^[8]^[9]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHs
  - Proto-Iranian: *túHs
    - ⇒ Proto-Scythian: *tūkā
      - Proto-Sarmatian: *tūga
        Alanic: *tuxa
        Ossetian: (“strength, force, might”)
        Digor Ossetian: тыхӕ (tyxæ)
        
        Iron Ossetian: тух (tux)
- ⇒ *téwh₂s-ih₂^[9]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHsiH (“strength, power”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *téwh₂s-mn̥ ~ *tuh₂s-mén-s^[10]
  - Proto-Celtic: *tewsman^[10]
    - Middle Irish: tuaimm
      - Irish: túaim
- ⇒? *tuHs-ont- (“thousand”)

>? *tewh₂-téh₂ (“crowd, tribe, people”)

*tewh₂-tyó-s^[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *þeudjaz (“favorable”) (see there for further descendants)

*téwh₂-yōs^[11]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHyas (“stronger”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwHyas
    - Sanskrit: तवीयस् (távīyas)
  - Proto-Iranian: *táwHyaH
    - Old Persian: 𐎫𐎢𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎠 (t-u-vi-i-y-a /⁠tauvīyā⁠/)

*tówh₂-t-s ~ *téwh₂-t-s
- Proto-Italic: *towtos
  - Latin: tōtus (“whole, all”)

*tuh₂-edʰ-eh₂^[12]
- Proto-Hellenic: *twádʰā^[12]
  - >? Ancient Greek: σάθη (sáthē, “membrum virile”)

*tuh₂-el-o-s^[12]
- Proto-Hellenic: *twálos^[12]
  - >? Ancient Greek: σάλος (sálos, “rolling swell of the sea”)

*tuh₂-bʰ- (“hump, bump”)^[2]^[13]
- ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *þūbǭ
  - Old Norse: þúfa (“mound”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *tū́pʰā
  - Ancient Greek: τῡ́φη (tū́phē) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Italic: *tūβos
  - Latin: tūber (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Latin: prōtūberō (“to bulge up”), extūberō (“to bulge out”) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-mó-s^[12]
- Proto-Hellenic: *twámos^[12] (< *tuh₂ₔmos^[12])
  - >? Ancient Greek: σάμος (sámos, “height”)
- Proto-Italic:^[12]
  - >? Latin: tama (“tumour, swelling”)

*tuh₂-mṓ
- >? Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (“thumb”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHmā́^[14]
  - >? Proto-Iranian: *tuHmā́ (“great multitude, ten thousand”) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-teh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: tūte (“power, energy”)

*tuh₂-ró-s^[2]^[15]^[16]
- Proto-Hellenic: *tūrós (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHrás
  - Sanskrit: तुर (turá, “strong, powerful, abundant”)
- Proto-Italic: *tūros^[16]
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *tūrāō^[17] (+ *-āō)
    - >? Latin: *tūrō
      - ⇒ Latin: obtūrō (“to block”) (see there for further descendants)
      - ⇒ Latin: rētūrō
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *turgēō (+ *-(a)gēō?)
    - >? Latin: turgeō (“to swell”) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-sn-eh₂^[2]^[18]
- Proto-Celtic: *tusnā (“wave”) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-tó-s^[4]^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *tūtos
  - Latin: tūtus (“safe, secure”)

*tuh₂-wént-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHwánts
  - Proto-Iranian: *tuHwā́s
    - Old Persian: 𐎬𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎶 (tu-(u)-nu-u-v-t-m /⁠tunuvaⁿtam, tūnuvaⁿtam⁠/, “powerful”, acc.sg.)

*tuh₂-wó-s^[5] or *twéh₂-u-s ~ *tuh₂-éw-s^[19]
- Proto-Hellenic: *twáwos^[1] (< *tuh₂ₔwos)
  - Ancient Greek: σάος (sáos), σῶς (sôs, “safe, healthy, intact”)

*túh₂-yo-s (“strong”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHyas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHyas
    - Vedic Sanskrit: तूय (tū́ya)

*tu-tuh₂-mó-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἐτήτυμος (etḗtumos, “true, real, authentic”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHtuHmás
  - Proto-Iranian: *tuHtuHmás
    - Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *twana
- Albanian: tërë, tanë
Proto-Armenian:
- >? Old Armenian: թոյն (tʻoyn, “poison”)^[20]
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: tvi̇̀nti (“to rise, swell”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: čiūtys pl (“large number”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: tvãnas (“flood”)
Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫇𐫃 (tʾwg, “strong”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teuh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 639-640
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tēu-, təu-, teu̯ə-, tu̯ō-, tū̆-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume III, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1080
^ Sakhno, Serguei (2018), “Chapter XIII: Slavic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 3, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Slavic, page 1576: “PIE *teuh2- ‘swell, grow fat’”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Hinge, George (2007), “The authority of truth and the origin of ὅσιος and ἔτυμος (= Skt. satyá‑ and tūtumá‑) with an excursus on pre-consonantal laryngeal loss”, in Greek and Latin from an Indo-European perspective‎^[1], Cambridge: Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tueor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 632: “PIt. *-tow-e- ‘to protect’; PIE *touh₂-eie- [pr.caus.]?”
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*peudja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 539: “*tewh₂-tió- (IE?); *tuh₂-tó-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tōmentum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 622: “PIt. *towamn?; PIE *teuh₂-mn [n.] ‘swelling’?”
^ Harðarson, Jón Axel (2017), “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 2, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Germanic, page 925: “*teu̯h2-s- ‘swelling’”
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “táviṣi- f. Kraft, Stärke”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 639: “idg. *teu̯H̥s-ih₂-; Idg. *teu̯H̥-s° neben *teu̯H-es-”
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 235: “*teu̯sman; *teu̯h₂-s-mn̥”
^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 216: “*teu̯h2-i̯os-”
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 Mihaylova, Biliana (2009), “Some cases of the converse of Sievers’ law in Greek”, in The sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics (Roots of Europe - Language, Culture, and Migrations)‎^[4], University of Copenhagen
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τύφη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1521: “IE *tuH-bʰ- ‘hump, bump’”
^ Tremblay, Xavier (2005), “Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies‎^[5], volume 68, number 3, page 437
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1520: “*tuH-ró-”
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “turá-¹ Adj. rasch, eifrig, strebend, kraftvoll vordringend”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[6] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page *tuH-ró-; lat. *tūro-s of 655-656
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “obtūrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 423
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 155: “*tŭsnā; *tuh₂-sneh₂”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σῶς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1440-1441
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 63

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teuh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 639-640

[IEW-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “tēu-, təu-, teu̯ə-, tu̯ō-, tū̆-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume III, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1080

[3] Sakhno, Serguei (2018), “Chapter XIII: Slavic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 3, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Slavic, page 1576: “PIE *teuh2- ‘swell, grow fat’”

[Hinge-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Hinge, George (2007), “The authority of truth and the origin of ὅσιος and ἔτυμος (= Skt. satyá‑ and tūtumá‑) with an excursus on pre-consonantal laryngeal loss”, in Greek and Latin from an Indo-European perspective‎^[1], Cambridge: Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society

[EDL_tueor-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tueor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 632: “PIt. *-tow-e- ‘to protect’; PIE *touh₂-eie- [pr.caus.]?”

[EDPG-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*peudja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 539: “*tewh₂-tió- (IE?); *tuh₂-tó-”

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “tōmentum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 622: “PIt. *towamn?; PIE *teuh₂-mn [n.] ‘swelling’?”

[8] Harðarson, Jón Axel (2017), “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 2, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Germanic, page 925: “*teu̯h2-s- ‘swelling’”

[EWAia_tavisi-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “táviṣi- f. Kraft, Stärke”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 639: “idg. *teu̯H̥s-ih₂-; Idg. *teu̯H̥-s° neben *teu̯H-es-”

[Zair-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 235: “*teu̯sman; *teu̯h₂-s-mn̥”

[11] Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 216: “*teu̯h2-i̯os-”

[Mihaylova-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 Mihaylova, Biliana (2009), “Some cases of the converse of Sievers’ law in Greek”, in The sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics (Roots of Europe - Language, Culture, and Migrations)‎^[4], University of Copenhagen

[13] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τύφη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1521: “IE *tuH-bʰ- ‘hump, bump’”

[14] Tremblay, Xavier (2005), “Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies‎^[5], volume 68, number 3, page 437

[15] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1520: “*tuH-ró-”

[EWAia_tura-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “turá-¹ Adj. rasch, eifrig, strebend, kraftvoll vordringend”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[6] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page *tuH-ró-; lat. *tūro-s of 655-656

[17] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “obtūrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 423

[18] Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 155: “*tŭsnā; *tuh₂-sneh₂”

[19] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σῶς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1440-1441

[20] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 63

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