Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yugtós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *yewg- (“to join, to yoke, to tie together”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*yugtós (non-ablauting)

1. yoked, joined

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*yugtós	*yugtéh₂
genitive	*yugtósyo	*yugtéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yugtós	*yugtóh₁	*yugtóes
vocative	*yugté	*yugtóh₁	*yugtóes
accusative	*yugtóm	*yugtóh₁	*yugtóms
genitive	*yugtósyo	*?	*yugtóHom
ablative	*yugtéad	*?	*yugtómos
dative	*yugtóey	*?	*yugtómos
locative	*yugtéy, *yugtóy	*?	*yugtóysu
instrumental	*yugtóh₁	*?	*yugtṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yugtéh₂	*yugtéh₂h₁(e)	*yugtéh₂es
vocative	*yugtéh₂	*yugtéh₂h₁(e)	*yugtéh₂es
accusative	*yugtā́m	*yugtéh₂h₁(e)	*yugtéh₂m̥s
genitive	*yugtéh₂s	*?	*yugtéh₂oHom
ablative	*yugtéh₂s	*?	*yugtéh₂mos
dative	*yugtéh₂ey	*?	*yugtéh₂mos
locative	*yugtéh₂, *yugtéh₂i	*?	*yugtéh₂su
instrumental	*yugtéh₂h₁	*?	*yugtéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yugtóm	*yugtóy(h₁)	*yugtéh₂
vocative	*yugtóm	*yugtóy(h₁)	*yugtéh₂
accusative	*yugtóm	*yugtóy(h₁)	*yugtéh₂
genitive	*yugtósyo	*?	*yugtóHom
ablative	*yugtéad	*?	*yugtómos
dative	*yugtóey	*?	*yugtómos
locative	*yugtéy, *yugtóy	*?	*yugtóysu
instrumental	*yugtóh₁	*?	*yugtṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *juhtaz (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • (possibly) Ancient Greek: ζευκτός (zeuktós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yuktás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuktás
    • Sanskrit: युक्त (yuktá) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Iranian: *yuxtáh
    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀 (yuxta)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Bactrian: ιογδιγο (iogdigo /⁠yugdīg ~ yuγδīg⁠/, “pair”) (>*yuxtá-kah)
      • Sogdian: (/⁠yūγd⁠/, “yoke; pair; team”)

        Syriac script: ܝܗݎܬ (ywxt)

    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Baluchi: جفت (ǰuft), جخت (ǰuxt)
      • Kurdish:

        Central Kurdish: جووت (cût /⁠ǰūt⁠/)

        Northern Kurdish: cot (/⁠ǰōt⁠/)

        Southern Kurdish: جوفت (cuft /⁠ǰuft⁠/) (perhaps borrowed from New Persian)

      • Gilaki: جیت (jīt)
      • Proto-Medo-Parthian: *yuxtáh
        • Parthian: (/⁠yuxt⁠/, “pair; yoked”)

          Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ywxt)

        • Gurani: ھیتە (hīta)
        • Zazaki: cit (/⁠ǰit⁠/)
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠ǰuxt⁠/, “pair; yoke”)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ywht)

        • Classical Persian: جفت (ǰuft)

          Dari: جفت (ǰuft)

          Iranian Persian: جفت (ǰoft)

          Tajik: ҷуфт (juft)

        • → Middle Armenian: ջուխտ (ǰuxt)