Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čaθwā́rah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Proto-Iranian numbers ^(edit)

	40
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Cardinal: *čaθwā́rah

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čatwā́ras, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.

Numeral

*čaθwā́rah m pl (feminine plural *čátasrah, neuter plural *čaθwā́r)

1. four

Derived terms

• Proto-Iranian: *čaθwā́rHácwah (“four-horsed, a quadriga”) (c.f. Sanskrit चतुरश्व (caturaśva), and Ancient Greek τέθριππον (téthrippon))
  • Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬹𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (caθβarə aspa)
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠čahārasp⁠/)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (chʾlʾsp)

    • Classical Persian: چهاراسپ (čahārasp)

      Iranian Persian: چهاراسبه (čahārasbe)

• Proto-Iranian: *čaθwā́rukah (“four-parted, a quarter”)
  • Khwarezmian: څسوی (cswy /⁠*casūy⁠/), تسوی (tswy /⁠*tasūy⁠/, “Tasuk, a weight unit”)
  • Baluchi: تسو (tassū, “a quarter of an hour”)
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠tasūg⁠/, “a quarter; Tasuk (a weight unit); coin”)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tswk')

    Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫘𐫇𐫞 (tswq)

    • Classical Persian: تسو (tasū, “a quarter of an hour; Tasuk; coin”)

      Iranian Persian: تسو (tasū, “an hour”)

      • → Middle Armenian: թասու (tʻasu)

    • → Arabic: طسوج (ṭassūj, “Tasuk”)
      • → Persian: تسوج (tasūj, “Tasuk”)
    • → Classical Syriac: ܛܝܣܘܓܐ (ṭīssūḡā, “Tasuk”)

• Proto-Iranian: *čaθwā́rapā́dah (“four-legged, quadruped”) (c.f. Sanskrit चतुष्पद् (catuṣpad), Latin quadrupes and Ancient Greek τετράπους (tetrápous))
  • Khwarezmian: څفارپاذ (cfʾrpʾδ /⁠*cafārpāδ⁠/)
  • Sogdian: (/⁠čārθāpāδu, čərθāp~, čərδāp~, čarθpaδē⁠/)

    Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫡𐫔𐫛𐫀𐫔𐫏𐫆 (crδpʾδyẖ)

    Old Sogdian script: 𐼕𐼀𐼘𐼌𐼀𐼔𐼀𐼌𐼇 (cʾrδʾpʾδw), 𐼕𐼊𐼘𐼌𐼔𐼀𐼌𐼇 (cyrδpʾδw)

    Sogdian script: 𐼿𐼰𐽀𐼹𐼰𐼾𐼰𐼹𐼴 (cʾrδʾpʾδw), 𐼿𐼷𐽀𐼹𐼾𐼰𐼹𐼴 (cyrδpʾδw)

  • Pashto: څلوربولۍ (śalórbólay)
  • Kurdish:

    Northern Kurdish: çarpê

  • Parthian: (/⁠čuhr⁠bāδ⁠/)

    Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫇𐫍𐫡𐫛𐫀𐫅 (cwhrpʾd)

  • Middle Persian: (/⁠čahār⁠pāy, tasbāy⁠/)

    Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫘𐫁𐫀𐫏 (tsbʾy)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (chʾlpʾd)

    • Classical Persian: چاروا (čārwā), چهارپای (čahār⁠pāy)

      Persian: چهارپا (čahār⁠pā)

      Tajik: чаҳорпой (čahorpoy),чаҳорпо (čahorpo)

      • → Pashto: څاروى (śārwáy)

• Proto-Iranian: *čaθwruyuxtáh (“four-yoked”) (c.f. Latin quadrigae)
  • Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬎𐬹𐬫𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀 (caθru yuxta)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭 (caθβar), 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬁𐬭𐬋 (caθβārō, nom.pl.)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Scythian: *čaθβāri
    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *caθβāri
      • Proto-Saka: *cahari
        • Old Khotanese: 𑀢𑁆𑀘𑀳𑁅𑀭 (tcahaura)
          • Late Khotanese: 𑀢𑁆𑀘𑀳𑁄𑀭 (tcahora), 𑀢𑁆𑀘𑁅𑀭 (tcaura)
        • Tumshuqese: 𑀢𑁆𑀲𑀳𑀭𑀺 (tsahari)
      • Wakhi: cəbыr
    • Proto-Sarmatian: *čəθβār
      • Alanic: *čuββar
        • Ossetian:

          Digor Ossetian: цуппар (cuppar)

          Iron Ossetian: цыппар (cyppar)

  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Bactrian: σοφαρο (sofaro)
    • Khwarezmian: څفار (cfʾr /⁠*cafār⁠/), څڤار (cβʾr /⁠*caβār⁠/)
    • Proto-Sogdic:
      • Sogdian: (/⁠čatfār ~ čətfār⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫤𐫜𐫀𐫡 (ctfʾr)

        Old Sogdian script: 𐼕𐼚𐼂𐼀𐼀𐼘 (ctβʾʾr), 𐼕𐼚𐼂𐼀𐼘 (ctβʾr)

        Sogdian script: 𐼿𐽂𐼱𐼰𐼰𐽀 (ctβʾʾr), 𐼿𐽂𐼱𐼰𐽀 (ctβʾr)

        Syriac script: ܨܬܒܐܐܪ (ctβʾʾr), ܨܬݏܐܪ (ctfʾr), ܫܬݏܐܪ (štfʾr), ܫܬݏܐܐܪ (štfʾʾr)

      • Yaghnobi: тафор (tafor)
• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Ormuri-Parachi:
    • Ormuri: ښری (ṣ̌rī)
    • Parachi: čōr
  • Pashto: څلور (śalór)
  • Shughni: cavōr
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: چار (cár)
  • Kurdish:

    Northern Kurdish: çar

    Central Kurdish: چوار (çwar), چار (çar)

    Southern Kurdish: چووار (çuwar /⁠čuwār⁠/)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    • Caspian:
      • Gilaki: چهار (čəhâr), چار (čəâr, čâr)
    • Parthian:

      Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫜𐫀𐫡 (cfʾr /⁠čafār⁠/)

    • Gurani: چوار (čiwār)
    • Zazaki: çihar (čihār)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠čahār⁠/)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ALBA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (chʾl)

    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭰𐭤𐭥 (chʿ)

    Manichaean script: 𐫝‌𐫍‌𐫀‌𐫡 (c‌h‌ʾ‌r), 𐫝‌𐫍‌𐫀‌𐫀‌𐫡 (c‌h‌ʾ‌ʾ‌r)

    • Classical Persian: چهار (čahār)
      • Dari: چهار (čahār)
      • Iranian Persian: چهار (čahâr)
      • Tajik: чор (čor), чаҳор (čahor)