Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/HástH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HástʰH, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁.

Noun

*HástH n

1. bone

Inflection

neuter consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*HástH	*HástHiH	*HástHi
vocative	*HástH	*HástHiH	*HástHi
accusative	*HástH	*HástHiH	*HástHi
instrumental	*HastHáH	*HastHbʰyā́(m)	*HastHbʰíš
ablative	*HástHh	*HastHbʰyā́(m)	*HastHbʰyáH
dative	*HastHáy	*HastHbʰyā́(m)	*HastHbʰyáH
genitive	*HástHh	*HastHHā́h	*HastHáHam
locative	*HástH(i)	*HastHHáw	*HastHhú

Derived terms

• *HástHakah (“bone; fruit stone”)
  • Digor Ossetian: ӕстӕг (æstæg)
  • Iron Ossetian: стӕг (stæg)
  • Khotanese: [script needed] (astaa)
  • Khwarezmian: استیک (ʾstyk /⁠*astək⁠/), استک (ʾstk /⁠*astək⁠/)
  • Sogdian: (/⁠əstak⁠/)

    Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐽂𐼸 (ʾstk)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤𐫐 (ʾstk)

    Syriac script: ܐܣܬܟ (ʾstk)

  • Yaghnobi: стаг (stag)
  • Central Kurdish: ئێسک (êsk /⁠ēsk⁠/), ئێستک (êstik /⁠ēstik⁠/)
  • Parthian: 𐫀𐫘𐫤𐫃 (ʾstg)
  • Zazaki: heste (/⁠hasta⁠/, “bone”), estı (/⁠aste⁠/), este (/⁠asta⁠/), iste (/⁠ista⁠/), oste (/⁠osta⁠/)
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠astag⁠/, “bone; fruit stone”)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤𐫃 (ʾstg)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾstk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (OLKTA)

    Pazend script: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (asta)

    • Classical Persian: استه (asta, “bone; fruit stone”), هسته (hasta, “fruit stone”)

      Dari: هسته (hasta)

      Iranian Persian: هسته (haste)

      Tajik: ҳаста (hasta)

• *HástHīkah (“bone; fruit stone”)
  • Northern Kurdish: hestî (/⁠hastī⁠/), estî (“astī”)
  • Zazaki: astık (/⁠āstek⁠/, “bone”)
• *HástHáhuānām (“bone; (Lit) existence power of bones”)
  • Wakhi: (/⁠ustuxōn⁠/) (Perhaps influenced by Classic Persian)

    Arabic script: اؤستؤخون

    Cyrillic script: устухон (ustuxon)

  • Ormuri: ستوغان (stoγān)
  • Baluchi: استہان (ustuhān)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: ئێسکان (êskan /⁠ēskān⁠/), ئێسقان (êsqan /⁠ēsqān⁠/)

    Northern Kurdish: hestû (/⁠hastū⁠/)

    Southern Kurdish: سِخان (sixan /⁠sixān⁠/), سِقان (siqan /⁠siqān⁠/)

  • Old Mazanderani: هستکا (hestakā)
    • Mazanderani: هسکا (hassekā)
  • Gurani: سوخان (suxan /⁠suxān⁠/)
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠astaxwān ~ astuxān⁠/, “bone”)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsthwʾn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsthʾn')

    • Classical Persian: استخوان (ustuxwān), استخان (ostoxân)

      Dari: استخوان (ustuxān), استغان (ustuγān)

      Iranian Persian: استخوان (ostoxān)

      Tajik: устухон (ustuxon)

    • Lurish:

      Northern Luri: سخۏ (sexö)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan:

    Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬍𐬝 n sg (as-cīt̰, nom.), 𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬆𐬠𐬍𐬱 n pl (azd^əbīš, instr.)

    Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬀 n sg (as-ca, nom.), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 n pl (asti, nom.), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬄𐬨 (astąm), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬋 n pl (astō, gen.), 𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬠𐬍𐬱 n pl (azdⁱbīš, instr.)

    Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬋 (astō)

• Southeastern Iranian:
  • >? Pashto: هډ (haḍ, “bone, fruit stone”)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Gilaki: خش (xaš)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠ast⁠/)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫤 (ʾst)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾst')

    Pazend script: 𐬀𐬯𐬙 (ast)

    • Classical Persian: است (ast)

      Dari: است (ast)

      Iranian Persian: است (ast)

      Tajik: аст (ast)

    • Lurish:

      Bakhtiari: خٱس (xas)

      Southern Luri: هٱس (has)