Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/gā́wš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gā́wš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.

Noun

*gā́wš f

1. cow

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gā́wš	*gā́wā(w)	*gā́wah
vocative	*gáw	*gā́wā(w)	*gā́wah
accusative	*gā́m	*gā́wā(w)	*gáwah
instrumental	*gáwaH	*gáwbʰyā(m)	*gáwbʰiš
ablative	*gáwah	*gáwbʰyā(m)	*gáwbʰyaH
dative	*gáway	*gáwbʰyā(m)	*gáwbʰyaH
genitive	*gáwah	*gáwHāh	*gáwaHam
locative	*gáwi	*gáwHaw	*gáwšu

Derived terms

• *gawštaH (“meat, flesh”)
• *gā́wkah (“calf; cow”)
  • Ossetian:

    Digor Ossetian: гъог (ǧog)

    Iron Ossetian: хъуг (qug)

  • Khwarezmian: غوک (γwk /⁠*γawk, *γuk⁠/)
  • Shughni: [script needed] (γüej, “deer, horned wild animal”)
  • Baluchi: گوک (gúk, gok)
  • Old Mazanderani: گوک (guk)
    • Mazanderani: گوک (gowk, gūk, “calf”)
  • Classical Persian: گوگ (gōg), گوک (gôk, “calf”)
• *gā́waj(án)ah (“ox-goad”) (Cognate with Sanskrit गवजन (gavájana, “whip, stick for driving cattle”))
  • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬰𐬀 (gauuāza)
  • Parthian: 𐫃𐫇𐫀𐫉 (gwʾz /⁠gawāz⁠/, “goad, prod”) (Cf. with Parthian 𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫉𐫗 (xrʾzn /⁠xarāzan⁠/, “donkey-goad”))
    • → Old Armenian: գաւ-ազան (gaw-azan, “stick for driving animals”) (Cf. with Old Armenian խար-ազան (xar-azan, “donkey-goad; stick for driving animals”))
    • → Classical Persian: گواز (gawāz), گوازه (gavâza)
      • → Arabic: جواز (jawāz), جوازق (jawāzaq)
      • → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܓܵܒ݂ܲܙܵܐ (gavāza), ܠܵܒ݂ܲܙܵܐ (lavāza)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬊 (gao)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (gūha, “ox”), [script needed] (gūhā, “cow”)
    • Wakhi: ɣ̌ыu
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Bactrian: γαοι (gaoi /⁠gāw⁠/)
    • Proto-Sogdic:
      • Sogdian: (/⁠ɣāw; ɣaw, ɣow⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫄𐫀𐫇 (ɣʾw)

        Sogdian script: 𐼲𐼰𐼴 (ɣʾw)

        Syriac script: ܮܐܘ (γʾw), ܮܘ (γw)

      • Yaghnobi: ғов (γow)
        • → Classical Persian: غاو (γāw)
• Southeastern Iranian
  • Ormuri-Parachi:
    • Ormuri: گوی (gōī)
    • Parachi: گو (gū)
  • Pashto: غوا (ghwā)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
    • Yidgha: غوو (γavō)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
      • Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
        • Sarikoli: žaw
        • Shughni: з̌ов̌ (žōw)
      • Yazghulami: ғев̌ (ɣew)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: گا (ga)

    Laki: گا (ga), گۊ (gü)

    Northern Kurdish: ga

    Southern Kurdish: گا (ga)

  • Medo-Parthian:
    • Caspian:
      • Gilaki: گا (gå), گو (gow), گاب (gåb)
      • Old Mazanderani: گو (guw)
        • Mazanderani: گو (gow)
    • Sangisari: گو (gow)
    • Old Median:
      • Kermanic: (Isfahani) گاب (gāb), gu, (Kermani, Zoroastrian Dari) gow
      • Old Azari: گاو (gāw)
        • Harzani: گو (göw)
        • Karingani: غو (γo)
      • Talysh: (/⁠gāv⁠/)

        Arabic script: گاو

        Latin script: gav

    • Parthian: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw /⁠gāw⁠/)
    • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
      • Gurani: گاۋ (gāʋ)
      • Zazaki: ga
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: *gāuš
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠gāw⁠/) (< OP acc. *gāvam)

      Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (TWRA)

      Pazend script: 𐬔𐬃 (gā̊)

      • Lurish:

        Northern Luri: گاۏ (gaw)

        • Silakhori: گۏ (gw)

        Bakhtiari: گاۏ (gaw)

        Southern Luri: گا (gā)

      • Classical Persian: گاو (gāw)

        Dari: گاو (gāw)

        Persian: گاو (gâv), گاب (gâb) (perhaps via Northwestern)

        Tajik: гов (gov)

        • → Gilaki: گاو (gåv)