Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/gr̥Híš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Híš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-.

Noun

*gr̥Híš m

mountain
Synonym: *káwfš

Inflection

masculine/feminine i-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gr̥Híš	*gr̥HíH	*gr̥Háyah
vocative	*gŕ̥Hay	*gŕ̥HiH	*gŕ̥Hayah
accusative	*gr̥Hím	*gr̥HíH	*gr̥Hínš
instrumental	*gr̥HíH	*gr̥Híbʰyā(m)	*gr̥Híbʰiš
ablative	*gr̥Háyš	*gr̥Híbʰyā(m)	*gr̥Híbʰyah
dative	*gr̥Háyay	*gr̥Híbʰyā(m)	*gr̥Híbʰyah
genitive	*gr̥Háyš	*gr̥Hiyā́h	*gr̥HiHnáHam
locative	*gr̥Hā́y	*gr̥Hiyáw	*gr̥Híšu

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (gaⁱri)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: [script needed] (gara), [script needed] (ggari)
- Wakhi: ɣār (“rock”)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: γειρο (geiro /⁠ɣīr⁠/), γαρο (garo /⁠ɣar⁠/)
  - Khwarezmian: غریڅیک (ɣarēcīk, “mountain”)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/⁠γar⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫄𐫡 (ɣr)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼲𐽀 (ɣr)
      
      Syriac script: ܮܪ
    - Yaghnobi: ғар (ɣar)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Pathan:
  - Pashto: غر (ɣar)
  - Waneci: غر (ɣar)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
  - Sanglechi: [script needed] (gar)
- Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
  - Munji: غار (ɣār)
  - Yidgha: غر (ɣar)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
  - Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
    - Sarikoli: žer (“stone”)
    - Shughni: žīr (“stone”)
  - Yazghulami: ға̄р (ɣār, “stone; rock”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: گر (gar, “mountain cave”)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: gir
  
  Central Kurdish: گرد (gird)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫄𐫡 (ɣr /⁠ɣar⁠/)
- Ormuri-Parachi
  - Ormuri: [script needed] (g(i)rī)
  - Parachi: ger, gir
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian:
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gl /⁠gar⁠/)
  - ⇒ Middle Persian:
    - Persian: گلشاه (galšâh), گرشاه (garšāh, literally “mountain king”) (family name)
    - Persian: گردیز (gardêz, literally “mountain fortress”), (a city in Afghanistan)