Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/táwxma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwkma, from Proto-Indo-European *tewk-.

Noun

*táwxma n

1. seed
2. kinship, family

Inflection

neuter consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*táwxma	*táwxmaniH	*táwxmān
vocative	*táwxma	*táwxmaniH	*táwxmān
accusative	*táwxma	*táwxmaniH	*táwxmān
instrumental	*táwxmanaH	*táwxmabʰyā(m)	*táwxmabʰiš
ablative	*táwxmanh	*táwxmabʰyā(m)	*táwxmabʰyaH
dative	*táwxmanay	*táwxmabʰyā(m)	*táwxmabʰyaH
genitive	*táwxmanh	*táwxmanHāh	*táwxmanaHam
locative	*táwxman(i)	*táwxmanHaw	*táwxmahu

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 n (taoxman, “seed, germ, kinship”)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (ttīma)
    • Wakhi: taɣ̌m
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Bactrian:

      Greek script: τοχμανο (tokhmano /⁠tuxman⁠/)

    • Proto-Sogdic: *táo̯xmah
      • Sogdian: (/toxmí, toxmḗ/)

        Buddhist: [script needed] (tγmy)

        Christian: [script needed] (ṯxmy), [script needed] (ṯwxmy)

        Sogdian script: 𐽂𐼲𐼺𐼷 (tɣmy)

      • Yaghnobi: taxm (/⁠táx⁽ⁱ⁾m⁠/), tuxm (/⁠túx⁽ᵘ⁾m⁠/)
• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (tьxm)
  • Parachi: tuxm
  • Pashto:

    Pashto: تومن m (tumán), تومنه f (twámna, tómna)

    Waziri: [script needed] (temna)

  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *tūɣn
    • Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
      • Munji: توگهم (tuǧm)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *tūɣm
      • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *tūɣm
        • Shughni: ту̊ғм (tū̊ɣm)
        • Sarikoli: teɣ̌m
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: [script needed] (tūm), [script needed] (tōm)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: تۆو (tow), تۆم (tom)

    Northern Kurdish: tov

    Southern Kurdish: تۊیەم (tüyem)

    Laki: توم (tum)

  • Old Median: *tōxmā, *tauxmā
    • Middle Median: *tōxm
      • Kermanic:
        • Nayini: تُم (tum)
    • ⇒ Old Median: *Zrūtōxmā
      • → Elamite: 𒄑𒊒𒁺𒊌𒈠 (iz-ru-du-uk-ma)
  • Parthian:

    Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫟𐫖 (twxm), 𐫎𐫇𐫟𐫖 (ṯwxm /⁠tōxm⁠/, “seed; line, race”); 𐫤𐫇𐫟𐫖𐫗 (twxmn /⁠tōxman⁠/, “seed-grain”)

    • → Classical Persian: تخم
      • Dari: تخم (toxm)
      • Iranian Persian: تخم (toxm, “seed, grain, gamete”)
      • Tajik: тухм (tuxm, “egg”)
      • → Armenian: թոխում (tʻoxum)
      • → Bashkir: тоҡом (toqom)
      • → Pashto: تخم (tuxm)
      • → Turkish: tohum
  • Zaza-Gurani:
    • Gurani: تۆم (tōm)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Larestani: [script needed] (toxm), [script needed] (tox)
  • Old Persian: 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠 f (t-u-m-a /⁠tauʰmā⁠/, “family”)
    • Middle Persian: (/tōhm/, "seed; family")

      Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm), 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖 (ṯwhm)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twm)

      • ⇒ Middle Persian: ("family")

        Manichaean script: 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖𐫃𐫀𐫗 pl (ṯwhmgʾn /⁠tōhmagān⁠/)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twhmk /⁠tōhmag⁠/)

      • Gabri: [script needed] (tūm)
      • → Old Armenian: տոհմ (tohm, “tribe, kin, clan”)
      • → Old Georgian: ტოჰმი (ṭohmi), ტომი (ṭomi)