Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/karasu
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Proto-Japonic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Likely onomatopoeic.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Accent class: 3.6a (?)
- The accentual correspondences between the Japanese dialects are irregular; The Kyoto accent pattern in the Heian period is
LHH
, which suggests accent class 3.6. Tokyo has an irregular accent patternHLL(L)
; such accent pattern only goes back to the now rejected accent class 3.3. Kyoto has conflicting accent data; the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten givesHHH(H)
for Kyoto, but Hirayama (1960)'s Zenkoku Akusento Jiten givesHLL(L)
for Kyoto. The former accent in Kyoto would be 3.1, but the latter would give an accent class of (3.3,) 3.4, or 3.5. Kagoshima hasLLH(L)
accent, which goes back to the Proto-Japonic low register (3.4, 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7), and that also applies for Proto-Ryukyuan, which can be reconstructed with a tone class C, which also goes back to the aforementioned Proto-Japonic low register.
- The accentual correspondences between the Japanese dialects are irregular; The Kyoto accent pattern in the Heian period is
- Note that Martin (1987)[2] also reconstructs accent class 3.6, based on more accentual data, to which we can integrate the Proto-Ryukyuan tone class data to apply the subclass 3.6a.
Noun
[edit]*karasu
Descendants
[edit]- Old Japanese: 烏, 鴉 (karasu)
- Proto-Ryukyuan: *garasu (with inital consonant voicing; tone class C), *garas(V)a
- Northern Ryukyuan:
- Kikai: 烏, 鴉 (garasā)
- Kunigami: 烏, 鴉 (garāshi /gàɾàːɕí/)
- Northern Amami Ōshima: 烏, 鴉 (garasï)
- Okinawan: 烏, 鴉 (garasi /gàɾàsì/)
- Okinoerabu: 烏, 鴉 (garashi /gàɾàɕí/)
- Tokunoshima: 烏, 鴉 (gara /gáɾà/) (with irregular deletion of *-su; Thorpe (1983, 275) speculates this deletion was a remnant of this word being bimorphemic. See also the Proto-Japonic entry.)
- Yoron: 烏, 鴉 (garashi /gàɾàɕì/)
- Southern Ryukyuan:
- Northern Ryukyuan:
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “からす 【烏・鴉】
”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ^ Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 439