Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/nihawa

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *NiSawa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /nihawa/

Noun

*nihawa

1. breath
2. life force

Verb

*nihawa

1. to breathe

Descendants

• Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *(ma-)ñawa
  • Central-Malayo-Polynesian:
    • Central Maluku:
      • Asilulu: nawa
      • Bobot: manowa
    • Sumba–Flores:
      • Bima: nawa
      • Sumba–Manggarai:
        • Manggarai: nawa
        • Rembong: nawa
  • Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *mañawa
    • Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:
      • East Makian: manowo
      • Gane: manou
    • Proto-Oceanic: *mañawa
      • Admiralty Islands:
        • Wuvulu-Aua: manawanawa
      • Central-Eastern Oceanic:
        • Central Pacific:
          • Proto-Polynesian: *manawa
            • Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
              • Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
                • Marquesic:
                  • Hawaiian: manawa
                  • Mangarevan: manava
                  • South Marquesan: menava
                • Rapa Nui: manava
                • Tahitic:
                  • Maori: manawa
                  • Rakahanga-Manihiki: mānava
                  • Rarotongan: manava
                  • Tahitian: manava
                  • Tuamotuan: manava
              • Ellicean–Outlier:
                • Kapingamarangi: manawa
                • Nukumanu: manava
                • Nukuoro: manava
                • Pileni: maanava
                • Tuvaluan: maanava
              • Futunic:
                • Anuta: maanava
                • Mele-Fila: maanava
                • East Futuna: manava, mānava
                • Futuna-Aniwa: manava
                • Pukapukan: manava, mānava
                • Tikopia: manava, maanava
              • Samoic:
                • Samoan: manava, mānava
                • Tokelauan: manava, mānava
            • Tongic:
              • Niuafo'ou: mānava
              • Niuean: manava
              • Tongan: manava, mānava
          • Rotuman: manava
        • Micronesian:
          • Chuukic:
            • Chuukese: manaw
            • Puluwat: mánaw
            • Woleaian: melaw
          • Gilbertese: manawa
          • Marshallese: menewnew
        • Southeast Solomonic:
          • Malaita–Makira:
            • Arosi: manawa
            • Bauro: manawa
            • Fagani: manawa
        • Southern Oceanic:
          • Hiw: mənawə
      • Western Oceanic:
        • Meso-Melanesian:
          • Vaghua: manava
        • North New Guinea:
          • Manam: manawa
          • Wogeo: mañawa
• Western Malayo-Polynesian:
  • Greater Barito:
    • Sama-Bajaw:
      • Mapun: nyawa
      • Yakan: niyawa
  • North Borneo:
    • Southwest Sabah:
      • Greater Dusunic:
        • Brunei Bisaya: genao
        • Central Dusun: ginawo
        • Coastal Kadazan: ginavo
        • Rungus: ginavo
      • Murutic:
        • Burusu: penyawo
        • Timugon Murut: painawo
      • Paitanic:
        • Tombonuo: inawo
        • Upper Kinabatangan: inawo
  • Proto-Philippine: *nihawa
    • Batanic:
      • Ibatan: hinawa
      • Yami: inawan
    • Central Luzon:
      • Kapampangan: -ináwa, isnáwa
      • Sambalic:
        • Bolinao: ináwa
        • Botolan Sambal: inawáwen
        • Mag-Anchi Ayta: isnáwa
        • Sambali: inanáwa
    • Greater Central Philippine: *gi-nihawa
      • Central Philippine:
        • Bikol:
          • Bikol Central: ginháwa
        • Mansaka–Mandayan:
          • Mansaka: ginawa
        • Tagalog: ginháwa
        • Visayan:
          • Cebu:
            • Cebuano: ginháwa
          • Central:
            • Hiligaynon: ginháwa
            • Romblomanon: ginhāwa
            • Waray-Waray: ginháwa
          • South:
            • Surigaonon: ginhawa
            • Tandaganon: ginhawa
            • Tausug: ginhawa
          • West:
            • Aklanon: ginháwa
            • Caluyanun: gináwa
            • Inonhan: ginháwa
      • Danao:
        • Maranao: ginawa
      • Gorontalo–Mongondow:
        • Mongondow: gina
      • Manobo:
        • Binukid: gahinawa
        • Western Bukidnon Manobo: gehinawa
      • South Mangyan:
        • Hanunoo: ginháwa
    • Kalamian:
      • Agutaynen: linawa
    • Northern Luzon:
      • Ilocano: gináwa
      • Meso-Cordilleran:
        • Pangasinan: nawá
    • Sangiric:
      • Sangir: niawa
    • South Mindanao:
      • Tboli: nawa
      • Tiruray: ferenawa
    • Umiray Dumaget Agta: innawe
  • Celebic:
    • Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: *naa
      • Kulisusu: menaa
      • Mori Bawah: menaa
    • Kaili–Pamona:
      • Pamona: nyawa
      • Uma: inoha'
    • Muna–Buton:
      • Bonerate: mona'a
      • Muna: inawa
    • Tomini–Tolitoli:
      • Dampelas: nyawa
      • Tomini: nyaa
      • Totoli: kinaa
    • Wotu–Wolio:
      • Wolio: inawa
  • Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:
    • Batak:
      • Karo Batak: nawa
    • Gayo: nyawa
  • Javanese: nyawa
  • Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:
    • Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa:
      • Balinese: nyawa
      • Sasak: nyawa
    • Proto-Malayo-Chamic:
      • Proto-Chamic:
        • Acehnese: nyaw'ong
      • Proto-Malayic: *ñawa
        • Iban: nyawa
        • Malay: nyawa
          • Indonesian: nyawa
          • → Tausug: nyawa
        • Urak Lawoi': ญาวา (nyawa)
  • Proto-South Sulawesi:
    • Makasar: nyawa
    • Mandar: nyawa
    • Tae': inaa

External links

• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database – to breathe
• Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *NiSawa