Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/puqun

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /puʔun/, /puqun/

Noun

*puqun

base of a tree
origin

Descendants

Philippine
- Northern Luzon
  - Ilocano: puon
  - Cagayan Valley
    - Itawit: fun
  - Meso-Cordilleran
    - Tuwali Ifugao: puun
    - Batad Ifugao: pūun
- Central Luzon
  - Kapampangan: pun
- Greater Central Philippine
  - Central Philippine
    - Tagalog: puno
    - Bikol Central: puon
    - Visayan
      - Aklanon: puno
      - Cebuano: puno
      - Hiligaynon: puno
      - Masbatenyo: puno
      - Tausug: puun
    - Mansakan
      - Mansaka: pono
      - Tagakaulu Kalagan: punu'
  - South Mangyan
    - Hanunoo: puun
  - Manobo
    - Binukid: puun
  - Danao
    - Maranao: poon
    - Iranun: pu'un
- South Mindanao
  - Tboli: fun
  - Tiruray: fuun
- Sangiric
  - Sangir: pueng
Barito
- West Barito
  - Ngaju: upun
  - Bakumpai: pun
North Bornean
- Northeast Sabahan
  - Ida'an: pun
  - Bonggi: puudn
- Southwest Sabahan
  - Dusunic
    - Central Dusun: puun
    - Coastal Kadazan: puun
    - Momogun
      - Rungus: pu'un
      - Kimaragang: puun
      - Tobilung: puun
      - Lotud: pu'un
      - Minokok: puun
  - Paitanic
    - Tombonuo: puun
    - Upper Kinabatangan: puun
  - Murutic
    - Paluan: puun
    - Tagal Murut: puun
    - Timugon Murut: puun
- North Sarawakan
  - Bintulu: pu'un
  - Berawan–Lower Baram
    - Kiput: pun
  - Dayic
    - Kelabit: pu'un
    - Lun Bawang: puun
    - Sa'ban: puʔuə̯n
  - Kenyah
    - Bakung: pu'on
    - Eastern Penan: pu'un
    - Western Penan: pu'un
    - Sebop: pu'un
- Central Sarawakan
  - Melanau
    - Central Melanau: pu'un
    - Daro-Matu Melanau: pu'un
  - Müller-Schwaner Punan
    - Kereho: pu'un
    - Aoheng: pu'un
Kayanic
- Kayan
  - Bahau: pu'un
  - Busang Kayan: pu'un
- Murik–Merap
  - Murik (Malaysia): pu'un
  - Punan Merap: puʔʊu̯ŋʷ
- Segai–Modang
  - Segai: pʔoə̯n
Land Dayak
- Bidayuh
  - Bau Bidayuh: puun
  - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: puun
- Banyadu-Bekati
  - Rara Bakati': puutn
  - Sara: puutn
Moklenic: *pɔkɔn
- Moken: pokon
- Moklen: ปอก็อน (pɔkɔ́n)
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
- Batak
  - Dairi Batak: puhun
  - Karo Batak: puhun
- Gayo: pun
Rejang: puen
Malayo-Sumbawan
- Proto-Chamic: *phuːn
  - Acehnese: phôn (“first; beginning; origin”)
  - Coastal Chamic
    - Haroi: phon
    - Cham
      - Eastern Cham: ꨜꨭꩆ / phun
      - Western Cham: فحون / phun
  - Highlands Chamic
    - Chru–Northern Chamic
      - Chru: phun (“stem”)
      - Northern Chamic
        Northern Roglai: phut (“stump”)
        
        Tsat: phun³³
    - Jarai–Rhade
      - Jarai: phŭn
      - Rade: phŭn
      - Bih: phŭn
- Proto-Malayic: *puhun
  - Banjarese: puhun
  - West Bornean Malayic
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: pun
      - Mualang: pun
      - Remun: pun
      - Seberuang: pon
    - Western Malayic Dayak
      - Kendayan: puhutn
  - Nuclear Malayic
    - Malay: pohon
      - > Indonesian: pohon (inherited)
    - Brunei Malay: puhun
    - Central Malay: puun
    - Minangkabau: puhun (“origin, reason; west”)
    - Pattani Malay: ปอฮง (pɔhoŋ)
  - Urak Lawoi': ปูโฮด (puhot)
- Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
  - Balinese: puhun
  - Sumbawa: pun, puin
- Sundanese: puhun / ᮕᮥᮠᮥᮔ᮪
South Sulawesi
- Buginese: pong
Celebic
- Saluan–Banggai
  - Balantak: pu'un
- Muna–Buton
  - Muna: pughu
- Bungku–Tolaki
  - Mori Bawah: pu'u
  - Padoe: pu'u
- Tomini–Tolitoli
  - Tajio: puu
- Wotu–Wolio
  - Wolio: puu
Central Malayo-Polynesian
- Bima: fu'u
- Sumba–Flores
  - Sumba–Hawu
    - Kambera: pungu
  - Western Flores
    - Manggarai–Rembong
      - Komodo: pung
      - Manggarai: puung
      - Rembong: pu'un
    - Central Flores
      - Ngadha: puu
- Flores–Lembata
  - Sika: pu
- Timoric
  - Central Timor
    - Kemak: pun
  - Timor–Babar
    - Tetumic
      - Tetum: hun
    - Rote–Meto
      - Termanu: huk
      - Uab Meto: uuf
    - Wetar–Galoli
      - Aputai: un
      - Ili'uun: un
      - Tugun: uun
    - Lakalei–Idate
      - Idaté: puun
    - Southwest Maluku
      - Kisar: onno
Proto-Oceanic: *puqun
- Western Oceanic
  - Meso-Melanesian
    - Nakanai: vuhu
  - North New Guinea
    - Ngero–Vitiaz
      - Gedaged: fun
    - Huon Gulf
      - Markham: *fugun
        Upper Markham
        Adzera: fugun
        
        Austronesian Mari: hugun
        
        Wampur: hugun
        
        Lower Markham
        Labu: hô
        
        Wampar: foon
        
        Busu
        Nafi: fun
        
        Aribwaung: fun
        
        Aribwatsa: hun
        
        Musom: hun
        
        Watut
        North Watut: hugu
        
        Middle Watut: fogo
        
        South Watut: fugu
  - Papuan Tip
    - Kilivila: uuna
- Central–Eastern Oceanic
  - Southeast Solomonic
    - Makira
      - Arosi: huu
    - Malaita
      - Lau: fū
  - Central Pacific: *vuqu
    - Rotuman: hu
    - Fijian: vu, vū
    - Proto-Polynesian: *puqu
      - Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
        Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
        Marquesic:
        Hawaiian: pū
        North Marquesan: puu
        Tahitic:
        Maori: pū
        Penrhyn: pū
        Rakahanga-Manihiki: pu
        Rarotongan: pū
        Ellicean–Outlier:
        Ontong Java: puu
        Futunic:
        Wallisian: fuu
        Pukapukan: pū
        Tikopia: pū
      - Tongic:
        Niuafo'ou: fuʻu
        Niuean: fū
        Tongan: fuʻu

References

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*puqun”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI