Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/qanitu

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *qaNiCu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔanitu/, /qanitu/

Noun

*qanitu

ghost (spirit of the dead)
owl

Descendants

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
- Central Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Fordata: nitu
  - Yamdena: nitu
- Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Proto-Oceanic: *qanitu
    - Central–Eastern Oceanic:
      - Central Oceanic:
        East Fijian-Polynesian:
        Fijian: nitu, vatunitu
        Proto-Polynesian: *qaitu
        Nuclear Polynesian:
        Eastern Polynesian:
        Marquesic:
        North Marquesan: aitu
        South Marquesan: aitu
        Tahitic:
        Māori: aitu
        Rarotongan: aitu
        Tahitian: aitu
        Western Polynesian:
        Ellicean–Outlier:
        Nukuoro: eidu, itu
        Takuu: aitu
        Tuvaluan: aitu
        Futunic:
        Pukapukan: aitu
        Futuna-Aniwa: fegaitua
        Samoic:
        Samoan: aitu
        Tokelauan: aitu
        Tongic:
        Niuafo'ou: aitu
        Niuean: aitu
        Tongan: ʻeitumatupuʻa
        West Fijian-Rotuman:
        Rotuman: ʻoitu
        Western Fijian: yanitu
      - Proto-Micronesian: *anitu
        Nuclear Micronesian:
        Marshallese: anij, Anij
        Kosraean: inut (“god, spirit, ghost”)
        Gilbertese: anti (“god, spirit, ghost”)
        Chuukic-Pohnpeic:
        Proto-Chuukic: *yanútú
        Chuukese: énú
        Puluwat: yanú (“ancient god”)
        Carolinian: anú (“spirit, ghost”)
        Satawalese: anú (“ghost”)
        Ulithian-Woleaian:
        Woleaian: yalúsú (“god, spirit, ghost”)
        Echangese:
        Sonsorolese: yarúdú (“spirit, ghost”)
        Pohnpeic:
        Pohnpeian: eni (“ghost”)
        Mokilese: eni (“demon, ghost”)
        Pingelapese: eni (“ghost, spirit”)
    - Western Oceanic:
      - Gedaged: anut
      - Gitua: anutu
      - Mbula: kon
Western Malayo-Polynesian:
- Barito:
  - Ngaju: hantu
- Kayanic:
  - Bahau: to', to
- North Bornean:
  - Central Sarawakan:
    - Kajang:
      - Kajaman: tew
      - Sekapan: tew
    - Punan:
      - Bukitan: otuh
      - Punan Bah-Biau: otu
      - Punan Tubu: otu
  - Northeast Sabahan:
    - Ida'an: nitu
- Proto-Philippine: *qanitu
  - Aklanon: anitos
  - Central Bikol: anito
  - Calamian Tagbanwa: kanitu
  - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: anito
  - Cebuano: anitu
  - Central Bontoc: anitu
  - Dupaningan Agta: anitu
  - Ilocano: anito
  - Isnag: anito
  - Kankanaey: anito
  - Kapampangan: anito
  - Mag-Anchi Ayta: anito
  - Tagalog: anito
  - Yami: anito
- Celebic:
  - Lindu: anitu
  - Pamona: anitu
  - Uma: anitu
- Moklenic:
  - Moken: katoy
- Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands:
  - Batak:
    - Dairi Batak: hantu
    - Karo Batak: antu, hantu
  - Simeulue: hantu
- Chamorro: aniti
- Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:
  - Proto-Malayo-Chamic:
    - Proto-Chamic: *ʔantɔw
      - Acehnese: euntèë
      - Coastal Chamic:
        Cham:
        Eastern Cham: atŏw
      - Highlands Chamic:
        Jarai: atâo
        Chru–Northern:
        Chru: atơu
        Northern Chamic:
        Tsat: ʔa²¹ taw³³
    - Proto-Malayic: *hantu
      - Ibanic:
        Iban: antu
        Mualang: antu
        Seberuang: antu
      - Kendayan: antu
      - Malayan:
        Banjarese: hantu
        Brunei Malay: hantu
        Malay: hantu
        > Indonesian: hantu (inherited)
        → Chinese: 韓都 / 韩都 (Hándū)
        Minangkabau: hantu
        Pattani Malay: atu
      - Urak Lawoi': ฮาตู (hatu)
  - Sasak: antu
  - Sundanese: hantu
- Old Javanese: hanitu
- Proto-South Sulawesi:
  - Buginese: anitu

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants

Further reading