Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/l(j)ak

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lek (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *l(j)ak ⪤ *l(j)aŋ (Matisoff, STEDT)

This root appears to be related with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ, showing a very common alternation between *d and *l. As Matisoff (2013) points out, this *l ~ *d alternation is attested in many natural languages, even outside the Sino-Tibetan language family.

Alternatively, Tibetan ལེགས་པོ (legs po, good, beautiful) and ཡག་པོ (yag po, good, fine) could come from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lwa(ː)j (easy) (Schuessler, 2007).

Adjective

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*l(j)ak

  1. good
  2. beautiful
  3. real
  4. straight

Adverb

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*l(j)ak

  1. very
  2. really

Descendants

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  • Old Chinese: /*[r]aŋ/ (B-S); /*raŋ/ ("good, virtuous")
    • Middle Chinese: /lɨɐŋ/
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**:

Japanese:  (ろう, ​)
Korean:  (, yang)
Vietnamese: lương ()

      • Modern Chinese
        • Beijing: (liáng, /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/) ("good")
        • Cantonese: /lœːŋ²¹/
        • Hakka: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
    • Min
      • Min Nan: /liɔŋ²⁴/
  • Tani
    • Western Tani
      • Bokar: /lak/ ("good")
  • Himalayish
    • Bodic
      • Tibeto-Kanauri
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: ལེགས་པོ (legs po, good), ཡག་པོ (yag po, good, nice), འཇག་པོ ('jag po, calm, quiet)
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Northern Tangut
      • Tangut: 𘝷 (*lia¹) (lia, /*li̯a⁵⁵/) ("beautiful")
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Achang: /liɑŋ⁵⁵pɑ⁵⁵/ ("beautiful")
    • Loloish
      • Naxi: /lə²¹/ ("beautiful")