Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gorьkъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From *goře (“sorrow, grief”) +‎ *-ьkъ.

Adjective

*gȍrьkъ

1. bitter (for taste)
2. (figurative) sorrowful (for situation, emotion)

Declension

Indefinite declension of *gorьkъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gorьkъ	*gorьka	*gorьko
genitive	*gorьka	*gorьky	*gorьka
dative	*gorьku	*gorьkě	*gorьku
accusative	*gorьkъ	*gorьkǫ	*gorьko
instrumental	*gorьkomь	*gorьkojǫ	*gorьkomь
locative	*gorьkě	*gorьkě	*gorьkě
vocative	*gorьke	*gorьko	*gorьko
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gorьka	*gorьkě	*gorьkě
genitive	*gorьku	*gorьku	*gorьku
dative	*gorьkoma	*gorьkama	*gorьkoma
accusative	*gorьka	*gorьkě	*gorьkě
instrumental	*gorьkoma	*gorьkama	*gorьkoma
locative	*gorьku	*gorьku	*gorьku
vocative	*gorьka	*gorьkě	*gorьkě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gorьki	*gorьky	*gorьka
genitive	*gorьkъ	*gorьkъ	*gorьkъ
dative	*gorьkomъ	*gorьkamъ	*gorьkomъ
accusative	*gorьky	*gorьky	*gorьka
instrumental	*gorьky	*gorьkami	*gorьky
locative	*gorьkěxъ	*gorьkaxъ	*gorьkěxъ
vocative	*gorьki	*gorьky	*gorьka

Definite declension of *gorьkъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gorьkъjь	*gorьkaja	*gorьkoje
genitive	*gorьkajego	*gorьkyję̇	*gorьkajego
dative	*gorьkujemu	*gorьkěji	*gorьkujemu
accusative	*gorьkъjь	*gorьkǫjǫ	*gorьkoje
instrumental	*gorьkyjimь	*gorьkǫjǫ	*gorьkyjimь
locative	*gorьkějemь	*gorьkěji	*gorьkějemь
vocative	*gorьkъjь	*gorьkaja	*gorьkoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gorьkaja	*gorьkěji	*gorьkěji
genitive	*gorьkuju	*gorьkuju	*gorьkuju
dative	*gorьkyjima	*gorьkyjima	*gorьkyjima
accusative	*gorьkaja	*gorьkěji	*gorьkěji
instrumental	*gorьkyjima	*gorьkyjima	*gorьkyjima
locative	*gorьkuju	*gorьkuju	*gorьkuju
vocative	*gorьkaja	*gorьkěji	*gorьkěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gorьkiji	*gorьkyję̇	*gorьkaja
genitive	*gorьkъjixъ	*gorьkъjixъ	*gorьkъjixъ
dative	*gorьkyjimъ	*gorьkyjimъ	*gorьkyjimъ
accusative	*gorьkyję̇	*gorьkyję̇	*gorьkaja
instrumental	*gorьkyjimi	*gorьkyjimi	*gorьkyjimi
locative	*gorьkyjixъ	*gorьkyjixъ	*gorьkyjixъ
vocative	*gorьkiji	*gorьkyję̇	*gorьkaja

Derived terms

• *gorьčica (“bitter appetizer”)
• *gorьčivъ (“bitter”)

Related terms

• *gorěti (“to burn”)
• *žarъkъ (“fervent, scorching”)
• *gořьjь (“worse”) (technically the comperative degree of *gȍrьkъ)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: го́ркі (hórki)
  • Russian: го́рький (górʹkij)
  • Ukrainian: гірки́й (hirkýj)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: горькъ (gorĭkŭ)
    • Bulgarian: го́рък (górǎk)
  • Macedonian: горок (gorok) (rare)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: го́рак

    Latin script: górak

  • Slovene: górək, gorák (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: hořký (“bitter”), horký (“hot”)
  • Kashubian: gòrzczi
  • Old Polish: gorki, gorski, gorzki (“bitter”)
    • Polish: gorzki (“bitter”)
    • Silesian: gorski, gorzki (“bitter”)
  • Polabian: ďörťĕ
  • >? Silesian: gorki (“hot”)
  • Slovak: horký
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: górki
    • Upper Sorbian: hórki

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “го́рький”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gorьkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 55
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “горък”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 266