adgnin

Old Irish

Etymology

From aith- +‎ ·gnin, from Proto-Celtic *gninuti, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”). Cognate with Welsh adwaen and Cornish aswon (both from *ati-uɸo-gni-).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [aðˈɡʲnʲin]

Verb

ad·gnin (verbal noun aithgne)

1. to know, to recognize

   Synonyms: as·gnin, in·gnin

   • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 29^b10

     .i. air ni conbiasom manibé aní huanaithgnintar ⁊ huanainmnigther

     i.e. for it will not exist unless there exist that from which it is recognised and named

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:adgnin.
2. to perceive, to be aware of, to understand
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 1^b14:

     .i. ætgnithi .i. isfollus doib asnoipred fir oirdnithi

     i.e. understood, i.e. it is manifest to them that it is the working of a supreme being

3. to know sexually
   • Lebor na hUidre, line 10323

     nír forfáemusa mnaí atgnead fer

Usage notes

In the sense ‘know, recognize’ the preterite is often used with a present meaning; see for example the two quotes from the Würzburg glosses on the citations page.

Conjugation

Complex, class B V present, reduplicated preterite, é future, a subjunctive

		1st sg.	2nd sg.	3rd sg.	1st pl.	2nd pl.	3rd pl.	Passive sg.	Passive pl.
Present indicative	Deut.						ad·gninat
	Prot.	·aithgniniu					·aithgninet	·aithgnintar
Imperfect indicative	Deut.			ad·gnied
	Prot.			·aithgned
Preterite	Deut.	ad·gén		ad·géuin; adid·géuin (with infixed pronoun id-)	ad·génammar		ad·génatar; ad·génsat
	Prot.	·aithgén	·aithgén	·aithgéuin	·aithgénammar		·aithgéntar; ·aithgénsat
Perfect	Deut.				ad·rogénmar
	Prot.
Future	Deut.	ad·gén						ad·géntar; atat·géntar (with infixed pronoun id-)
	Prot.			·aithgéna
Conditional	Deut.
	Prot.		·aithgnita
Present subjunctive	Deut.
	Prot.			·aithgné			·aithgnet
Past subjunctive	Deut.			ad·gned
	Prot.
Imperative
Verbal noun		aithgne
Past participle		atgnithi
Verbal of necessity

Descendants

• Irish: aithin
• Scottish Gaelic: aithnich

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ad·gnin	ad·gnin pronounced with /-ɣ(ʲ)-/	ad·ngnin
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ad·gnin”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language