cysgu

Welsh

cysgu

Alternative forms

• cysgaid (obsolete)
• cysgwyd (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle Welsh kyscu, from Proto-Brythonic *kuskɨd, from Proto-Celtic *kuɸsketi (compare Cornish koska, Breton kousket), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (compare Latin cubō (“I recline”)).

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈkəsɡɨ̞/, [ˈkʰəskɨ̞]
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈkəsɡi/, [ˈkʰəski]

Verb

cysgu (first-person singular present cysgaf)

1. (intransitive) sleep (rest in state of reduced consciousness)

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)

	singular			plural			impersonal
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present indicative/future	cysgaf	cysgi	cwsg, cysga	cysgwn	cysgwch	cysgant	cysgir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional	cysgwn	cysgit	cysgai	cysgem	cysgech	cysgent	cysgid
preterite	cysgais	cysgaist	cysgodd	cysgasom	cysgasoch	cysgasant	cysgwyd
pluperfect	cysgaswn	cysgasit	cysgasai	cysgasem	cysgasech	cysgasent	cysgasid, cysgesid
present subjunctive	cysgwyf	cysgych	cysgo	cysgom	cysgoch	cysgont	cysger
imperative	—	cwsg, cysga	cysged	cysgwn	cysgwch	cysgent	cysger
verbal noun	cysgu
verbal adjectives	cysgedig

Conjugation (colloquial)

Inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	cysga i, cysgaf i	cysgi di	cysgith o/e/hi, cysgiff e/hi	cysgwn ni	cysgwch chi	cysgan nhw
conditional	cysgwn i, cysgswn i	cysget ti, cysgset ti	cysgai fo/fe/hi, cysgsai fo/fe/hi	cysgen ni, cysgsen ni	cysgech chi, cysgsech chi	cysgen nhw, cysgsen nhw
preterite	cysgais i, cysges i	cysgaist ti, cysgest ti	cysgodd o/e/hi	cysgon ni	cysgoch chi	cysgon nhw
imperative	—	cysga	—	—	cysgwch	—
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

• Alternative verbal adjective: cysgiedig

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cysgu	gysgu	nghysgu	chysgu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• “cysgaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, 2014