Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukugwadlula
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukugwadlula
|
ukungagwadluli
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
gwadlula
|
-gwadlule
|
Plural
|
gwadlulani
|
-gwadluleni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyagwadlula, ngigwadlula
|
engigwadlulayo, engigwadlula
|
ngigwadlula
|
angigwadluli
|
engingagwadluli
|
ngingagwadluli
|
2nd singular
|
uyagwadlula, ugwadlula
|
ogwadlulayo, ogwadlula
|
ugwadlula
|
awugwadluli
|
ongagwadluli
|
ungagwadluli
|
1st plural
|
siyagwadlula, sigwadlula
|
esigwadlulayo, esigwadlula
|
sigwadlula
|
asigwadluli
|
esingagwadluli
|
singagwadluli
|
2nd plural
|
niyagwadlula, nigwadlula
|
enigwadlulayo, enigwadlula
|
nigwadlula
|
anigwadluli
|
eningagwadluli
|
ningagwadluli
|
Class 1
|
uyagwadlula, ugwadlula
|
ogwadlulayo, ogwadlula
|
egwadlula
|
akagwadluli
|
ongagwadluli
|
engagwadluli
|
Class 2
|
bayagwadlula, bagwadlula
|
abagwadlulayo, abagwadlula
|
begwadlula
|
abagwadluli
|
abangagwadluli
|
bengagwadluli
|
Class 3
|
uyagwadlula, ugwadlula
|
ogwadlulayo, ogwadlula
|
ugwadlula
|
awugwadluli
|
ongagwadluli
|
ungagwadluli
|
Class 4
|
iyagwadlula, igwadlula
|
egwadlulayo, egwadlula
|
igwadlula
|
ayigwadluli
|
engagwadluli
|
ingagwadluli
|
Class 5
|
liyagwadlula, ligwadlula
|
eligwadlulayo, eligwadlula
|
ligwadlula
|
aligwadluli
|
elingagwadluli
|
lingagwadluli
|
Class 6
|
ayagwadlula, agwadlula
|
agwadlulayo, agwadlula
|
egwadlula
|
awagwadluli
|
angagwadluli
|
engagwadluli
|
Class 7
|
siyagwadlula, sigwadlula
|
esigwadlulayo, esigwadlula
|
sigwadlula
|
asigwadluli
|
esingagwadluli
|
singagwadluli
|
Class 8
|
ziyagwadlula, zigwadlula
|
ezigwadlulayo, ezigwadlula
|
zigwadlula
|
azigwadluli
|
ezingagwadluli
|
zingagwadluli
|
Class 9
|
iyagwadlula, igwadlula
|
egwadlulayo, egwadlula
|
igwadlula
|
ayigwadluli
|
engagwadluli
|
ingagwadluli
|
Class 10
|
ziyagwadlula, zigwadlula
|
ezigwadlulayo, ezigwadlula
|
zigwadlula
|
azigwadluli
|
ezingagwadluli
|
zingagwadluli
|
Class 11
|
luyagwadlula, lugwadlula
|
olugwadlulayo, olugwadlula
|
lugwadlula
|
alugwadluli
|
olungagwadluli
|
lungagwadluli
|
Class 14
|
buyagwadlula, bugwadlula
|
obugwadlulayo, obugwadlula
|
bugwadlula
|
abugwadluli
|
obungagwadluli
|
bungagwadluli
|
Class 15
|
kuyagwadlula, kugwadlula
|
okugwadlulayo, okugwadlula
|
kugwadlula
|
akugwadluli
|
okungagwadluli
|
kungagwadluli
|
Class 17
|
kuyagwadlula, kugwadlula
|
okugwadlulayo, okugwadlula
|
kugwadlula
|
akugwadluli
|
okungagwadluli
|
kungagwadluli
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngigwadlulile, ngigwadlulē
|
engigwadlulile, engigwadlulē
|
ngigwadlulile, ngigwadlulē
|
angigwadlulanga
|
engingagwadlulanga
|
ngingagwadlulanga
|
2nd singular
|
ugwadlulile, ugwadlulē
|
ogwadlulile, ogwadlulē
|
ugwadlulile, ugwadlulē
|
awugwadlulanga
|
ongagwadlulanga
|
ungagwadlulanga
|
1st plural
|
sigwadlulile, sigwadlulē
|
esigwadlulile, esigwadlulē
|
sigwadlulile, sigwadlulē
|
asigwadlulanga
|
esingagwadlulanga
|
singagwadlulanga
|
2nd plural
|
nigwadlulile, nigwadlulē
|
enigwadlulile, enigwadlulē
|
nigwadlulile, nigwadlulē
|
anigwadlulanga
|
eningagwadlulanga
|
ningagwadlulanga
|
Class 1
|
ugwadlulile, ugwadlulē
|
ogwadlulile, ogwadlulē
|
egwadlulile, egwadlulē
|
akagwadlulanga
|
ongagwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
Class 2
|
bagwadlulile, bagwadlulē
|
abagwadlulile, abagwadlulē
|
begwadlulile, begwadlulē
|
abagwadlulanga
|
abangagwadlulanga
|
bengagwadlulanga
|
Class 3
|
ugwadlulile, ugwadlulē
|
ogwadlulile, ogwadlulē
|
ugwadlulile, ugwadlulē
|
awugwadlulanga
|
ongagwadlulanga
|
ungagwadlulanga
|
Class 4
|
igwadlulile, igwadlulē
|
egwadlulile, egwadlulē
|
igwadlulile, igwadlulē
|
ayigwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
ingagwadlulanga
|
Class 5
|
ligwadlulile, ligwadlulē
|
eligwadlulile, eligwadlulē
|
ligwadlulile, ligwadlulē
|
aligwadlulanga
|
elingagwadlulanga
|
lingagwadlulanga
|
Class 6
|
agwadlulile, agwadlulē
|
agwadlulile, agwadlulē
|
egwadlulile, egwadlulē
|
awagwadlulanga
|
angagwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
Class 7
|
sigwadlulile, sigwadlulē
|
esigwadlulile, esigwadlulē
|
sigwadlulile, sigwadlulē
|
asigwadlulanga
|
esingagwadlulanga
|
singagwadlulanga
|
Class 8
|
zigwadlulile, zigwadlulē
|
ezigwadlulile, ezigwadlulē
|
zigwadlulile, zigwadlulē
|
azigwadlulanga
|
ezingagwadlulanga
|
zingagwadlulanga
|
Class 9
|
igwadlulile, igwadlulē
|
egwadlulile, egwadlulē
|
igwadlulile, igwadlulē
|
ayigwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
ingagwadlulanga
|
Class 10
|
zigwadlulile, zigwadlulē
|
ezigwadlulile, ezigwadlulē
|
zigwadlulile, zigwadlulē
|
azigwadlulanga
|
ezingagwadlulanga
|
zingagwadlulanga
|
Class 11
|
lugwadlulile, lugwadlulē
|
olugwadlulile, olugwadlulē
|
lugwadlulile, lugwadlulē
|
alugwadlulanga
|
olungagwadlulanga
|
lungagwadlulanga
|
Class 14
|
bugwadlulile, bugwadlulē
|
obugwadlulile, obugwadlulē
|
bugwadlulile, bugwadlulē
|
abugwadlulanga
|
obungagwadlulanga
|
bungagwadlulanga
|
Class 15
|
kugwadlulile, kugwadlulē
|
okugwadlulile, okugwadlulē
|
kugwadlulile, kugwadlulē
|
akugwadlulanga
|
okungagwadlulanga
|
kungagwadlulanga
|
Class 17
|
kugwadlulile, kugwadlulē
|
okugwadlulile, okugwadlulē
|
kugwadlulile, kugwadlulē
|
akugwadlulanga
|
okungagwadlulanga
|
kungagwadlulanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāgwadlula
|
engāgwadlula
|
ngāgwadlula
|
angigwadlulanga
|
engingagwadlulanga
|
ngingagwadlulanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāgwadlula
|
owāgwadlula
|
wāgwadlula
|
awugwadlulanga
|
ongagwadlulanga
|
ungagwadlulanga
|
1st plural
|
sāgwadlula
|
esāgwadlula
|
sāgwadlula
|
asigwadlulanga
|
esingagwadlulanga
|
singagwadlulanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāgwadlula
|
enāgwadlula
|
nāgwadlula
|
anigwadlulanga
|
eningagwadlulanga
|
ningagwadlulanga
|
Class 1
|
wāgwadlula
|
owāgwadlula
|
āgwadlula
|
akagwadlulanga
|
ongagwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
Class 2
|
bāgwadlula
|
abāgwadlula
|
bāgwadlula
|
abagwadlulanga
|
abangagwadlulanga
|
bengagwadlulanga
|
Class 3
|
wāgwadlula
|
owāgwadlula
|
wāgwadlula
|
awugwadlulanga
|
ongagwadlulanga
|
ungagwadlulanga
|
Class 4
|
yāgwadlula
|
eyāgwadlula
|
yāgwadlula
|
ayigwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
ingagwadlulanga
|
Class 5
|
lāgwadlula
|
elāgwadlula
|
lāgwadlula
|
aligwadlulanga
|
elingagwadlulanga
|
lingagwadlulanga
|
Class 6
|
āgwadlula
|
āgwadlula
|
āgwadlula
|
awagwadlulanga
|
angagwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
Class 7
|
sāgwadlula
|
esāgwadlula
|
sāgwadlula
|
asigwadlulanga
|
esingagwadlulanga
|
singagwadlulanga
|
Class 8
|
zāgwadlula
|
ezāgwadlula
|
zāgwadlula
|
azigwadlulanga
|
ezingagwadlulanga
|
zingagwadlulanga
|
Class 9
|
yāgwadlula
|
eyāgwadlula
|
yāgwadlula
|
ayigwadlulanga
|
engagwadlulanga
|
ingagwadlulanga
|
Class 10
|
zāgwadlula
|
ezāgwadlula
|
zāgwadlula
|
azigwadlulanga
|
ezingagwadlulanga
|
zingagwadlulanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāgwadlula
|
olwāgwadlula
|
lwāgwadlula
|
alugwadlulanga
|
olungagwadlulanga
|
lungagwadlulanga
|
Class 14
|
bāgwadlula
|
obāgwadlula
|
bāgwadlula
|
abugwadlulanga
|
obungagwadlulanga
|
bungagwadlulanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāgwadlula
|
okwāgwadlula
|
kwāgwadlula
|
akugwadlulanga
|
okungagwadlulanga
|
kungagwadlulanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāgwadlula
|
okwāgwadlula
|
kwāgwadlula
|
akugwadlulanga
|
okungagwadlulanga
|
kungagwadlulanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingagwadlula
|
—
|
ngingagwadlula
|
ngingegwadlule
|
—
|
ngingegwadlule
|
2nd singular
|
ungagwadlula
|
—
|
ungagwadlula
|
ungegwadlule
|
—
|
ungegwadlule
|
1st plural
|
singagwadlula
|
—
|
singagwadlula
|
singegwadlule
|
—
|
singegwadlule
|
2nd plural
|
ningagwadlula
|
—
|
ningagwadlula
|
ningegwadlule
|
—
|
ningegwadlule
|
Class 1
|
angagwadlula
|
—
|
engagwadlula
|
angegwadlule
|
—
|
engegwadlule
|
Class 2
|
bangagwadlula
|
—
|
bengagwadlula
|
bangegwadlule
|
—
|
bengegwadlule
|
Class 3
|
ungagwadlula
|
—
|
ungagwadlula
|
ungegwadlule
|
—
|
ungegwadlule
|
Class 4
|
ingagwadlula
|
—
|
ingagwadlula
|
ingegwadlule
|
—
|
ingegwadlule
|
Class 5
|
lingagwadlula
|
—
|
lingagwadlula
|
lingegwadlule
|
—
|
lingegwadlule
|
Class 6
|
angagwadlula
|
—
|
engagwadlula
|
angegwadlule
|
—
|
engegwadlule
|
Class 7
|
singagwadlula
|
—
|
singagwadlula
|
singegwadlule
|
—
|
singegwadlule
|
Class 8
|
zingagwadlula
|
—
|
zingagwadlula
|
zingegwadlule
|
—
|
zingegwadlule
|
Class 9
|
ingagwadlula
|
—
|
ingagwadlula
|
ingegwadlule
|
—
|
ingegwadlule
|
Class 10
|
zingagwadlula
|
—
|
zingagwadlula
|
zingegwadlule
|
—
|
zingegwadlule
|
Class 11
|
lungagwadlula
|
—
|
lungagwadlula
|
lungegwadlule
|
—
|
lungegwadlule
|
Class 14
|
bungagwadlula
|
—
|
bungagwadlula
|
bungegwadlule
|
—
|
bungegwadlule
|
Class 15
|
kungagwadlula
|
—
|
kungagwadlula
|
kungegwadlule
|
—
|
kungegwadlule
|
Class 17
|
kungagwadlula
|
—
|
kungagwadlula
|
kungegwadlule
|
—
|
kungegwadlule
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizogwadlula
|
engizogwadlula
|
ngizogwadlula
|
angizugwadlula
|
engingezugwadlula
|
ngingezugwadlula
|
2nd singular
|
uzogwadlula
|
ozogwadlula
|
uzogwadlula
|
awuzugwadlula
|
ongezugwadlula
|
ungezugwadlula
|
1st plural
|
sizogwadlula
|
esizogwadlula
|
sizogwadlula
|
asizugwadlula
|
esingezugwadlula
|
singezugwadlula
|
2nd plural
|
nizogwadlula
|
enizogwadlula
|
nizogwadlula
|
anizugwadlula
|
eningezugwadlula
|
ningezugwadlula
|
Class 1
|
uzogwadlula
|
ozogwadlula
|
ezogwadlula
|
akazugwadlula
|
ongezugwadlula
|
engezugwadlula
|
Class 2
|
bazogwadlula
|
abazogwadlula
|
bezogwadlula
|
abazugwadlula
|
abangezugwadlula
|
bengezugwadlula
|
Class 3
|
uzogwadlula
|
ozogwadlula
|
uzogwadlula
|
awuzugwadlula
|
ongezugwadlula
|
ungezugwadlula
|
Class 4
|
izogwadlula
|
ezogwadlula
|
izogwadlula
|
ayizugwadlula
|
engezugwadlula
|
ingezugwadlula
|
Class 5
|
lizogwadlula
|
elizogwadlula
|
lizogwadlula
|
alizugwadlula
|
elingezugwadlula
|
lingezugwadlula
|
Class 6
|
azogwadlula
|
azogwadlula
|
ezogwadlula
|
awazugwadlula
|
angezugwadlula
|
engezugwadlula
|
Class 7
|
sizogwadlula
|
esizogwadlula
|
sizogwadlula
|
asizugwadlula
|
esingezugwadlula
|
singezugwadlula
|
Class 8
|
zizogwadlula
|
ezizogwadlula
|
zizogwadlula
|
azizugwadlula
|
ezingezugwadlula
|
zingezugwadlula
|
Class 9
|
izogwadlula
|
ezogwadlula
|
izogwadlula
|
ayizugwadlula
|
engezugwadlula
|
ingezugwadlula
|
Class 10
|
zizogwadlula
|
ezizogwadlula
|
zizogwadlula
|
azizugwadlula
|
ezingezugwadlula
|
zingezugwadlula
|
Class 11
|
luzogwadlula
|
oluzogwadlula
|
luzogwadlula
|
aluzugwadlula
|
olungezugwadlula
|
lungezugwadlula
|
Class 14
|
buzogwadlula
|
obuzogwadlula
|
buzogwadlula
|
abuzugwadlula
|
obungezugwadlula
|
bungezugwadlula
|
Class 15
|
kuzogwadlula
|
okuzogwadlula
|
kuzogwadlula
|
akuzugwadlula
|
okungezugwadlula
|
kungezugwadlula
|
Class 17
|
kuzogwadlula
|
okuzogwadlula
|
kuzogwadlula
|
akuzugwadlula
|
okungezugwadlula
|
kungezugwadlula
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyogwadlula
|
engiyogwadlula
|
ngiyogwadlula
|
angiyugwadlula
|
engingeyugwadlula
|
ngingeyugwadlula
|
2nd singular
|
uyogwadlula
|
oyogwadlula
|
uyogwadlula
|
awuyugwadlula
|
ongeyugwadlula
|
ungeyugwadlula
|
1st plural
|
siyogwadlula
|
esiyogwadlula
|
siyogwadlula
|
asiyugwadlula
|
esingeyugwadlula
|
singeyugwadlula
|
2nd plural
|
niyogwadlula
|
eniyogwadlula
|
niyogwadlula
|
aniyugwadlula
|
eningeyugwadlula
|
ningeyugwadlula
|
Class 1
|
uyogwadlula
|
oyogwadlula
|
eyogwadlula
|
akayugwadlula
|
ongeyugwadlula
|
engeyugwadlula
|
Class 2
|
bayogwadlula
|
abayogwadlula
|
beyogwadlula
|
abayugwadlula
|
abangeyugwadlula
|
bengeyugwadlula
|
Class 3
|
uyogwadlula
|
oyogwadlula
|
uyogwadlula
|
awuyugwadlula
|
ongeyugwadlula
|
ungeyugwadlula
|
Class 4
|
iyogwadlula
|
eyogwadlula
|
iyogwadlula
|
ayiyugwadlula
|
engeyugwadlula
|
ingeyugwadlula
|
Class 5
|
liyogwadlula
|
eliyogwadlula
|
liyogwadlula
|
aliyugwadlula
|
elingeyugwadlula
|
lingeyugwadlula
|
Class 6
|
ayogwadlula
|
ayogwadlula
|
eyogwadlula
|
awayugwadlula
|
angeyugwadlula
|
engeyugwadlula
|
Class 7
|
siyogwadlula
|
esiyogwadlula
|
siyogwadlula
|
asiyugwadlula
|
esingeyugwadlula
|
singeyugwadlula
|
Class 8
|
ziyogwadlula
|
eziyogwadlula
|
ziyogwadlula
|
aziyugwadlula
|
ezingeyugwadlula
|
zingeyugwadlula
|
Class 9
|
iyogwadlula
|
eyogwadlula
|
iyogwadlula
|
ayiyugwadlula
|
engeyugwadlula
|
ingeyugwadlula
|
Class 10
|
ziyogwadlula
|
eziyogwadlula
|
ziyogwadlula
|
aziyugwadlula
|
ezingeyugwadlula
|
zingeyugwadlula
|
Class 11
|
luyogwadlula
|
oluyogwadlula
|
luyogwadlula
|
aluyugwadlula
|
olungeyugwadlula
|
lungeyugwadlula
|
Class 14
|
buyogwadlula
|
obuyogwadlula
|
buyogwadlula
|
abuyugwadlula
|
obungeyugwadlula
|
bungeyugwadlula
|
Class 15
|
kuyogwadlula
|
okuyogwadlula
|
kuyogwadlula
|
akuyugwadlula
|
okungeyugwadlula
|
kungeyugwadlula
|
Class 17
|
kuyogwadlula
|
okuyogwadlula
|
kuyogwadlula
|
akuyugwadlula
|
okungeyugwadlula
|
kungeyugwadlula
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngigwadlule
|
ngingagwadluli
|
2nd singular
|
ugwadlule
|
ungagwadluli
|
1st plural
|
sigwadlule
|
singagwadluli
|
2nd plural
|
nigwadlule
|
ningagwadluli
|
Class 1
|
agwadlule
|
angagwadluli
|
Class 2
|
bagwadlule
|
bangagwadluli
|
Class 3
|
ugwadlule
|
ungagwadluli
|
Class 4
|
igwadlule
|
ingagwadluli
|
Class 5
|
ligwadlule
|
lingagwadluli
|
Class 6
|
agwadlule
|
angagwadluli
|
Class 7
|
sigwadlule
|
singagwadluli
|
Class 8
|
zigwadlule
|
zingagwadluli
|
Class 9
|
igwadlule
|
ingagwadluli
|
Class 10
|
zigwadlule
|
zingagwadluli
|
Class 11
|
lugwadlule
|
lungagwadluli
|
Class 14
|
bugwadlule
|
bungagwadluli
|
Class 15
|
kugwadlule
|
kungagwadluli
|
Class 17
|
kugwadlule
|
kungagwadluli
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngagwadlula
|
ngangagwadlula, angagwadlula, angangagwadlula
|
2nd singular
|
wagwadlula
|
wangagwadlula, awagwadlula, awangagwadlula
|
1st plural
|
sagwadlula
|
sangagwadlula, asagwadlula, asangagwadlula
|
2nd plural
|
nagwadlula
|
nangagwadlula, anagwadlula, anangagwadlula
|
Class 1
|
wagwadlula
|
wangagwadlula, akagwadlula, akangagwadlula
|
Class 2
|
bagwadlula
|
bangagwadlula, abagwadlula, abangagwadlula
|
Class 3
|
wagwadlula
|
wangagwadlula, awagwadlula, awangagwadlula
|
Class 4
|
yagwadlula
|
yangagwadlula, ayagwadlula, ayangagwadlula
|
Class 5
|
lagwadlula
|
langagwadlula, alagwadlula, alangagwadlula
|
Class 6
|
agwadlula
|
angagwadlula, awagwadlula, awangagwadlula
|
Class 7
|
sagwadlula
|
sangagwadlula, asagwadlula, asangagwadlula
|
Class 8
|
zagwadlula
|
zangagwadlula, azagwadlula, azangagwadlula
|
Class 9
|
yagwadlula
|
yangagwadlula, ayagwadlula, ayangagwadlula
|
Class 10
|
zagwadlula
|
zangagwadlula, azagwadlula, azangagwadlula
|
Class 11
|
lwagwadlula
|
lwangagwadlula, alwagwadlula, alwangagwadlula
|
Class 14
|
bagwadlula
|
bangagwadlula, abagwadlula, abangagwadlula
|
Class 15
|
kwagwadlula
|
kwangagwadlula, akwagwadlula, akwangagwadlula
|
Class 17
|
kwagwadlula
|
kwangagwadlula, akwagwadlula, akwangagwadlula
|