lever
English[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Canada) IPA(key): /ˈliː.vɚ/
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈliː.və/,[1]
- (General American) IPA(key): /ˈlɛ.vɚ/,[1][2][3] /ˈliː.vɚ/[1][2][3]
- Rhymes: -ɛvə(ɹ), -iːvə(ɹ)
- Homophones: leaver, Lever (for the pronunciation /ˈliːvə(ɹ)/)
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle English lever, levore, levour, from Old French leveor, leveur (“a lifter, lever (also Old French and French levier)”), from Latin levātor (“a lifter”), from levō (“to raise”); see levant. Compare alleviate, elevate, leaven.
Noun[edit]
lever (plural levers)
- (obsolete, except in generalized senses below) A crowbar.
- 1613, John Marston, William Barksted, The Insatiate Countess, IV.1:
- My lord, I brained him with a lever my neighbour lent me, and he stood by and cried, ‘Strike home, old boy!’
- 1613, John Marston, William Barksted, The Insatiate Countess, IV.1:
- (mechanics) A rigid piece which is capable of turning about one point, or axis (the fulcrum), and in which are two or more other points where forces are applied; — used for transmitting and modifying force and motion.
- Specifically, a bar of metal, wood or other rigid substance, used to exert a pressure, or sustain a weight, at one point of its length, by receiving a force or power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed point called a fulcrum. It is usually named as the first of the six mechanical powers, and is of three kinds, according as either the fulcrum F, the weight W, or the power P, respectively, is situated between the other two, as in the figures.
- A small such piece to trigger or control a mechanical device (like a button).
- (mechanics) A bar, as a capstan bar, applied to a rotatory piece to turn it.
- 2012 March 1, Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, in American Scientist[1], volume 100, number 2, page 112-3:
- A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place.
- (mechanics) An arm on a rock shaft, to give motion to the shaft or to obtain motion from it.
Translations[edit]
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Verb[edit]
lever (third-person singular simple present levers, present participle levering, simple past and past participle levered)
- (transitive) To move with a lever.
- 1938, George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, Chapter 7,[2]
- Someone found a pick and levered a burst plank out of the floor, and in a few minutes we had got a fire alight and our drenched clothes were steaming.
- With great effort and a big crowbar I managed to lever the beam off the floor.
- 1938, George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, Chapter 7,[2]
- (figuratively, transitive) To use, operate or move (something) like a lever (physically).
- 1961, V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, Vintage International, 2001, Part Two, Chapter 1,
- Suddenly he had levered himself up from the sofa, rocking the lame man violently, and was walking towards the receptionist.
- 1961, V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, Vintage International, 2001, Part Two, Chapter 1,
- (figuratively, transitive) To use (something) like a lever (in an abstract sense).
- 2001, Joshua Cooper Ramo, “Bagging the Butcher,” Time, 9 April, 2001,[3]
- He was a man who levered his way from small-time communist hack to political power by tapping into the most potent vein of historical juice in the Balkans: nationalism.
- 2013, Robert McCrum, “Biographies of the year — review,” The Guardian, 8 December, 2013,[4]
- Credited with pioneering the detective novel, Collins has attracted many biographers over the years, drawn to his extraordinary life and work in the hope of levering open a new understanding of the Victorian psyche.
- 2001, Joshua Cooper Ramo, “Bagging the Butcher,” Time, 9 April, 2001,[3]
- (chiefly Britain, finance) To increase the share of debt in the capitalization of a business.
- 1989 June 26, “Corporate America wants its privacy”, in Minneapolis Star-Tribune:
- "The equity holders want you to 'lever up,' use as much debt as you can," said David Stanley, chairman of Kansas City-based Payless Cashways,
Translations[edit]
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Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle English lever, comparative of leve, leef (“dear, beloved, lief”), equivalent to lief + -er. Related to German lieber (“rather”).
Alternative forms[edit]
Adverb[edit]
lever (not comparable)
- (obsolete) Rather.
- 1530, John Heywood, The Four PP
- for I had lever be without ye / Then have suche besines about ye
- 1537, William Tyndale et al, "Jonah", in The Byble
- Now therefore take my life from me, for I had lever die then live.
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faery Queene
- For lever had I die than see his deadly face.
- 1530, John Heywood, The Four PP
Translations[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Noun[edit]
lever (plural levers)
- (rare) A levee.
- 1742, Miss Robinson, Mrs. Delany's Letters, II.191:
- We do not appear at Phœbus's Levér.
- 2011, Tim Blanning, "The reinvention of the night", Times Literary Supplement, 21 Sep 2011:
- Louis XIV’s day began with a lever at 9 and ended (officially) at around midnight.
- 1742, Miss Robinson, Mrs. Delany's Letters, II.191:
Further reading[edit]
- lever in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
- lever in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 “lever”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 “lever” in Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 “lever” in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
Anagrams[edit]
Danish[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Danish liuær, from Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, cognate with English liver and German Leber. The Germanic word may be an irregular remodelling of the Proto-Indo-European word for "liver", *yókʷr̥, cf. Ancient Greek ἧπαρ (hêpar) and Latin iecur.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
lever c (singular definite leveren, plural indefinite levere)
Inflection[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
See the etymology of the main entry.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
lever
Etymology 3[edit]
See the etymology of the main entry.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
lever or levér
- imperative of levere
Dutch[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle Dutch lēvere, from Old Dutch *levara, from Proto-Germanic *librō.
Noun[edit]
lever f (plural levers, diminutive levertje n)
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
See the etymology of the main entry.
Verb[edit]
lever
French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle French lever, from Old French lever, from Latin levāre, present active infinitive of levō (“to elevate”), from levis (“light, not heavy”)
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
lever
- (transitive) To raise, lift.
- Antonym: baisser
- (reflexive) To rise, stand up.
- Antonym: s'abaisser
- (reflexive) To get up (out of bed).
- Je me lève, je me lave. ― I get up, I wash.
- Antonyms: se coucher, s'allonger
- (reflexive, of fog, rain and etc) To clear, lift.
Conjugation[edit]
This verb is conjugated mostly like the regular -er verbs (parler and chanter and so on), but the -e- /ə/ of the second-to-last syllable becomes -è- /ɛ/ when the next vowel is a silent or schwa -e-. For example, in the third-person singular present indicative, we have il lève rather than *il leve. Other verbs conjugated this way include acheter and mener. Related but distinct conjugations include those of appeler and préférer.
infinitive | simple | lever | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | levant /lə.vɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | levé /lə.ve/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | lève /lɛv/ |
lèves /lɛv/ |
lève /lɛv/ |
levons /lə.vɔ̃/ |
levez /lə.ve/ |
lèvent /lɛv/ |
imperfect | levais /lə.vɛ/ |
levais /lə.vɛ/ |
levait /lə.vɛ/ |
levions /lə.vjɔ̃/ |
leviez /lə.vje/ |
levaient /lə.vɛ/ | |
past historic2 | levai /lə.ve/ |
levas /lə.va/ |
leva /lə.va/ |
levâmes /lə.vam/ |
levâtes /lə.vat/ |
levèrent /lə.vɛʁ/ | |
future | lèverai /lɛ.vʁe/ |
lèveras /lɛ.vʁa/ |
lèvera /lɛ.vʁa/ |
lèverons /lɛ.vʁɔ̃/ |
lèverez /lɛ.vʁe/ |
lèveront /lɛ.vʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | lèverais /lɛ.vʁɛ/ |
lèverais /lɛ.vʁɛ/ |
lèverait /lɛ.vʁɛ/ |
lèverions /lɛ.və.ʁjɔ̃/ |
lèveriez /lɛ.və.ʁje/ |
lèveraient /lɛ.vʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | lève /lɛv/ |
lèves /lɛv/ |
lève /lɛv/ |
levions /lə.vjɔ̃/ |
leviez /lə.vje/ |
lèvent /lɛv/ |
imperfect2 | levasse /lə.vas/ |
levasses /lə.vas/ |
levât /lə.va/ |
levassions /lə.va.sjɔ̃/ |
levassiez /lə.va.sje/ |
levassent /lə.vas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | lève /lɛv/ |
— | levons /lə.vɔ̃/ |
levez /lə.ve/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is only usable with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Derived terms[edit]
Noun[edit]
lever m (plural levers)
- The act of getting up in the morning.
Further reading[edit]
- “lever” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Anagrams[edit]
Hungarian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
lever
- (transitive) to knock down
Conjugation[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Indonesian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Dutch lever (“liver”), from Middle Dutch lēvere, from Old Dutch *levara, from Proto-Germanic *librō.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
lèvêr (plural, first-person possessive leverku, second-person possessive levermu, third-person possessive levernya)
Alternative forms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- “lever” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Daring, Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, 2016.
Latin[edit]
Verb[edit]
lēver
Middle English[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Comparative of leve (“dear”) of Germanic origin (compare German lieb) or lief.
Adverb[edit]
lever
- Rather.
- For him was lever have at his bed's head
Twenty bookes, clad in black or red,
. . . Than robes rich, or fithel, or gay sawtrie. —The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer - But lever than this worldés good
She would have wist how that it stood —Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins, John Gower.
- For him was lever have at his bed's head
Middle French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old French lever.
Verb[edit]
lever
- to lift
Conjugation[edit]
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
infinitive | simple | lever | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | levant | |||||
compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past participle | levé | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | leve | leves | leve | levons | levez | levent |
imperfect | levois, levoys | levois, levoys | levoit, levoyt | levions, levyons | leviez, levyez | levoient, levoyent | |
past historic | leva | levas | leva | levasmes | levastes | leverent | |
future | leverai, leveray | leveras | levera | leverons | leverez | leveront | |
conditional | leverois, leveroys | leverois, leveroys | leveroit, leveroyt | leverions, leveryons | leveriez, leveryez | leveroient, leveroyent | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | leve | leves | leve | levons | levez | levent |
imperfect | levasse | levasses | levast | levassions | levassiez | levassent | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | leve | — | levons | levez | — | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). |
Descendants[edit]
- French: lever
References[edit]
- Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (lever, supplement)
Norwegian Bokmål[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”).
Noun[edit]
lever m or f (definite singular leveren or levra, indefinite plural levere or levre or levrer, definite plural leverne or levrene)
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Verb[edit]
lever
- present tense of leve
- imperative of levere
References[edit]
- “lever” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”). Akin to English liver.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
lever f (definite singular levra, indefinite plural levrar or levrer, definite plural levrane or levrene)
Alternative forms[edit]
- (superseded) livr
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
lever
Further reading[edit]
- “lever” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin lēvāre, present active infinitive of lēvō.
Verb[edit]
lever
Conjugation[edit]
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-v, *-vs, *-vt are modified to f, s, t. This verb has a stressed present stem liev distinct from the unstressed stem lev. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | lever | avoir levé | |||||
gerund | en levant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
present participle | levant | ||||||
past participle | levé | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | lief | lieves | lieve | levons | levez | lievent |
imperfect | levoie, leveie, levoe, leveve | levoies, leveies, levoes, leveves | levoit, leveit, levot, leveve | leviiens, leviens | leviiez, leviez | levoient, leveient, levoent, levevent | |
preterite | levai | levas | leva | levames | levastes | leverent | |
future | leverai | leveras | levera | leverons | leveroiz, levereiz, leverez | leveront | |
conditional | leveroie, levereie | leveroies, levereies | leveroit, levereit | leveriiens, leveriens | leveriiez, leveriez | leveroient, levereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | lief | lies | liet | levons | levez | lievent |
imperfect | levasse | levasses | levast | levissons, levissiens | levissoiz, levissez, levissiez | levassent | |
compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | lieve | — | levons | levez | — |
Descendants[edit]
Old Swedish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Norse hleifr, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz.
Noun[edit]
lēver m
Declension[edit]
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | lēver | lēvrin | lēva(r) | lēvani(r), -ane(r) |
accusative | lēf | lēfin | lēva | lēvana |
dative | lēvi, -e | lēvinum, -enom | lēvum, -om | lēvumin, -omen |
genitive | lēfs | lēfsins | lēva | lēvanna |
Descendants[edit]
- Swedish: lev
Swedish[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
audio (file)
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Norse lifr, from Proto-Germanic *librō, from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”).
Noun[edit]
lever c
Declension[edit]
Declension of lever | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | lever | levern | levrar | levrarna |
Genitive | levers | leverns | levrars | levrarnas |
Etymology 2[edit]
Verb[edit]
lever
- present tense of leva.
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