inclure

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin includō, inclūdere, with conjugation modeled on clore; compare the inherited doublet enclore.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛ̃.klyʁ/

Verb

inclure

1. to include
2. to enclose (attach document, file)
3. to feature (important aspect, design, information, event)

Conjugation

This verb is one of a few verbs in -clure where the past participle is in -us(e) instead of -u(e).

Conjugation of inclure (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	inclure
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	incluant /ɛ̃.kly.ɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		inclus /ɛ̃.kly/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	inclus /ɛ̃.kly/	inclus /ɛ̃.kly/	inclut /ɛ̃.kly/	incluons /ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃/	incluez /ɛ̃.kly.e/	incluent /ɛ̃.kly/
	imperfect	incluais /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/	incluais /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/	incluait /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/	incluions /ɛ̃.kly.jɔ̃/	incluiez /ɛ̃.kly.je/	incluaient /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/
	past historic2	inclus /ɛ̃.kly/	inclus /ɛ̃.kly/	inclut /ɛ̃.kly/	inclûmes /ɛ̃.klym/	inclûtes /ɛ̃.klyt/	inclurent /ɛ̃.klyʁ/
	future	inclurai /ɛ̃.kly.ʁe/	incluras /ɛ̃.kly.ʁa/	inclura /ɛ̃.kly.ʁa/	inclurons /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɔ̃/	inclurez /ɛ̃.kly.ʁe/	incluront /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	inclurais /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/	inclurais /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/	inclurait /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/	inclurions /ɛ̃.kly.ʁjɔ̃/	incluriez /ɛ̃.kly.ʁje/	incluraient /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	inclue /ɛ̃.kly/	inclues /ɛ̃.kly/	inclue /ɛ̃.kly/	incluions /ɛ̃.kly.jɔ̃/	incluiez /ɛ̃.kly.je/	incluent /ɛ̃.kly/
	imperfect2	inclusse /ɛ̃.klys/	inclusses /ɛ̃.klys/	inclût /ɛ̃.kly/	inclussions /ɛ̃.kly.sjɔ̃/	inclussiez /ɛ̃.kly.sje/	inclussent /ɛ̃.klys/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	inclus /ɛ̃.kly/	—	incluons /ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃/	incluez /ɛ̃.kly.e/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived terms

• inclus

Related terms

• clore
• enclore

Further reading

• “inclure”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.