clore
French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle French clore, from Old French clore, from Latin claudere. Now largely replaced by fermer because of interference with clouer (“to nail”) in certain conjugated forms.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /klɔʁ/
Audio: (file) Audio (France (Toulouse)): (file) Audio (France (Vosges)): (file) Audio (France (Lyon)): (file) Audio (France (Lyon)): (file) Audio (France (Somain)): (file)
Verb
[edit]clore (defective)
- (transitive) close (put an end to)
- Le débat est clos. / La discussion est close. ― The discussion is closed.
- 2025 December 27, Julie Carriat, Sandrine Cassini, “Jean-Luc Mélenchon, avec la « nouvelle France », s’empare du terrain de l’identité pour contrer l’extrême droite”, in Le Monde[1]:
- En 2024, la campagne des européennes, marquée par la dénonciation de la guerre à Gaza par la juriste franco-palestinienne Rima Hassan, se clôt sur ce thème.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation
[edit]This verb is not conjugated in certain tenses.
Conjugation of clore (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | clore | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | closant /klo.zɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | clos /klo/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | clos /klo/ |
clos /klo/ |
clôt /klo/ |
closons /klo.zɔ̃/ |
closez /klo.ze/ |
closent /kloz/ |
| imperfect | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| past historic2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| future | clorai /klɔ.ʁe/ |
cloras /klɔ.ʁa/ |
clora /klɔ.ʁa/ |
clorons /klɔ.ʁɔ̃/ |
clorez /klɔ.ʁe/ |
cloront /klɔ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | clorais /klɔ.ʁɛ/ |
clorais /klɔ.ʁɛ/ |
clorait /klɔ.ʁɛ/ |
clorions /klɔ.ʁjɔ̃/ |
cloriez /klɔ.ʁje/ |
cloraient /klɔ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | close /kloz/ |
closes /kloz/ |
close /kloz/ |
closions /klo.zjɔ̃/ |
closiez /klo.zje/ |
closent /kloz/ |
| imperfect2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | clos /klo/ |
— | closons /klo.zɔ̃/ |
closez /klo.ze/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “clore”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012
Middle French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old French clore.
Verb
[edit]clore
- (transitive) to enclose (surround something with something)
Descendants
[edit]- French: clore
Old French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Latin claudere.
Verb
[edit]clore
- to close
- to enclose (with walls, etc.)
- c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:
- Clos de haut mur et de fossé
- Enclosed between high walls and a moat
Conjugation
[edit]This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of clore (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | clore | avoir clos | |||||
| gerund | en cloant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
| present participle | cloant | ||||||
| past participle | clos | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | clo | cloz | clot | cloons | cloez | cloent |
| imperfect | clooie, cloeie | clooies, cloeies | clooit, cloeit | cloïiens, cloïens | cloïiez, cloïez | clooient, cloeient | |
| preterite | clos | cloṣis | clost | cloṣimes | cloṣistes | closdrent | |
| future | clorai, clorrai | cloras, clorras | clora, clorra | clorons, clorrons | cloroiz, cloreiz, clorez, clorroiz, clorreiz, clorrez | cloront, clorront | |
| conditional | cloroie, cloreie, clorroie, clorreie | cloroies, cloreies, clorroies, clorreies | cloroit, cloreit, clorroit, clorreit | cloriiens, cloriens, clorriiens, clorriens | cloriiez, cloriez, clorriiez, clorriez | cloroient, cloreient, clorroient, clorreient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | cloe | cloes | cloe | cloons | cloez | cloent |
| imperfect | cloṣisse | cloṣisses | cloṣist | cloṣissons, cloṣissiens | cloṣissoiz, cloṣissez, cloṣissiez | cloṣissent | |
| compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | clo | — | cloons | cloez | — | ||
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Frédéric Godefroy (1880–1902), “clore”, in Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle […], Paris: F[riedrich] Vieweg; Émile Bouillon, →OCLC.
Portuguese
[edit]Verb
[edit]clore
- inflection of clorar:
Spanish
[edit]Verb
[edit]clore
- inflection of clorar:
Categories:
- French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- French terms inherited from Middle French
- French terms derived from Middle French
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French verbs
- French defective verbs
- French transitive verbs
- French terms with usage examples
- French terms with quotations
- French third group verbs
- French irregular verbs
- Middle French terms inherited from Old French
- Middle French terms derived from Old French
- Middle French lemmas
- Middle French verbs
- Middle French third group verbs
- Middle French transitive verbs
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French verbs
- Old French terms with quotations
- Old French verbs with strong-sd preterite
- Old French third group verbs
- Old French verbs ending in -re
- Old French irregular verbs
- Portuguese non-lemma forms
- Portuguese verb forms
- Spanish non-lemma forms
- Spanish verb forms