jatuh

Indonesian

Etymology

• Inherited from Malay jatuh.
• Semantic loan from English fell or Dutch vallen for “to occur” (sense 4) and “to become” (sense 3).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒatuh/ [ˈd͡ʒa.t̪ʊh]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -atuh
• Syllabification: ja‧tuh

Verb

jatuh

1. to fall:
   1. to move to a lower position under the effect of gravity

      Dia jatuh dari tangga.

      He fell down the stairs.

   2. to come down, to drop or descend

      Tetesan hujan jatuh dari langit.

      Raindrops fall from the sky.

   3. (figurative) to become

      Tiba-tiba dia jatuh sakit. ― Suddenly he fell ill.

      Dia tidak pernah jatuh cinta. ― He never falls in love.

   4. (figurative) to occur (on a certain day of the week, date, or similar); said of an instance of a recurring event such as a holiday or date

      Idul Fitri jatuh pada hari Jumat ini.

      Eid al-Fitr occurs this Friday.

   5. (figurative) to collapse; to be overthrown or defeated
   6. (figurative) to be bankrupt
   7. (figurative) to descend in character or reputation; to become degraded; to sink into vice, error, or sin

Conjugation

Conjugation of jatuh (meng-, jatuh)

root	jatuh
	active	passive		basic imperative	emphatic jussive
		reflective1	ordinary
	ordinary
nominative	berjatuh	terjatuh		jatuh	jatuhlah
accusative / dative / locative	menjatuhi	terjatuhi	dijatuhi	jatuhi	jatuhilah
perfective causative / applicative2	menjatuhkan	terjatuhkan	dijatuhkan	jatuhkan	jatuhkanlah
	causative
nominative
accusative / dative / locative
perfective causative / applicative2

¹ There is another form of reflective passive verb with affixation of ke- -an which is not included in the table. This form is only attested in active voice without causative affixation of per-.
² The -kan row is either causative or applicative. With transitive roots it mostly has applicative meaning.
Some of these forms do not normally exist or are rarely used in standard Indonesian. Some forms may also change meaning.

Derived terms

• berjatuh
• berjatuhan
• jatuhan
• kejatuhan
• menjatuhi
• menjatuhkan
• penjatuhan
• terjatuh

• jatuh bangun
• jatuh bebas
• jatuh berkait
• jatuh bertindih
• jatuh cinta
• jatuh coloknya
• jatuh hati
• jatuh iman
• jatuh ke atas
• jatuh ke bawah
• jatuh merek
• jatuh nama
• jatuh semangat
• jatuh tapai
• jatuh tekanan
• jatuh tempo

Further reading

• “jatuh”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Pronunciation

• (schwa-variety, /a/-variety, Baku) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒatuh/ [ˈd͡ʒa.t̪uh]
• Rhymes: -tuh, -uh
• Hyphenation: ja‧tuh

Verb

jatuh (Jawi spelling جاتوه)

1. to fall; to drop (to descend freely by the force of gravity).

   Synonyms: gugur, luruh, rebah

   Antonyms: naik, bangkit

   Buah kelapa itu jatuh ke tanah.

   The coconut fell to the ground.

   Budak itu jatuh dari basikal.

   The boy fell from the bicycle.

2. to decline; to drop; to decrease (of price, value, or temperature).

   Synonyms: turun, merosot

   Antonyms: naik, meningkat

   Harga emas jatuh mendadak hari ini.

   The price of gold fell sharply today.

3. to fail; to go bankrupt; to be defeated (of a business, government, or empire).

   Synonyms: tumbang, muflis, kalah

   Perniagaannya jatuh akibat hutang.

   His business failed due to debt.

   Kerajaan empayar itu akhirnya jatuh.

   The empire's government finally fell.

Derived terms

Affixations

• berjatuhan (“to fall in large numbers”)
• dijatuhkan (“to be dropped; to be overthrown”)
• jatuhan (“a fall; a drop”)
• kejatuhan (“fall; downfall; decline”)
• menjatuhkan (“to drop; to bring down; to defeat”)
• terjatuh (“to fall accidentally; fallen”)

Compounds

• air terjun (“waterfall”)
• jatuh bangun (“ups and downs”)
• jatuh cinta (“to fall in love”)
• jatuh hati (“to fall in love; to be captivated”)
• jatuh hukum (“to be sentenced”)
• jatuh miskin (“to fall into poverty”)
• jatuh sakit (“to fall ill”)

Descendants

• > Indonesian: jatuh (inherited)

Further reading

• "jatuh" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017