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meng-

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "meng"

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay meng-, from Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /məŋ/
Audio: (file)

Prefix

mêng

transitive verbal prefix for active subject or agent focus, specifically it indicates that there is an agent doing the action of the transitive verb; not used when the sentence is direct imperative, or when the clause is defining relative with the patient in the front of the sentence
‎meng- + ‎atur → ‎mengatur (“to arrange; arranges; arranging”)

‎meng- + ‎baca (“to read”) → ‎membaca (“to read; reads; reading”)

‎meng- + ‎cabut → ‎mencabut (“to remove; removes; removing”)

‎meng- + ‎derma (“donation”) → ‎menderma (“to donate; donates; donating”)

‎meng- + ‎elak → ‎mengelak (“to avoid; avoids; avoiding”)

‎meng- + ‎paham → ‎memahami (“to understand; understands; understanding”)

‎meng- + ‎fitnah → ‎memfitnah (“to lie; lies; lying (about someone)”)

‎meng- + ‎gali → ‎menggali (“to dig; digs; digging”)

‎meng- + ‎hantar → ‎menghantar (“to deliver; delivers; delivering”)

‎meng- + ‎ikat (“tie”) → ‎mengikat (“to tie; ties; tying”)

‎meng- + ‎jolok → ‎menjolok (“to poke; pokes; poking”)

‎meng- + ‎kira → ‎mengira (“to count; counts; counting”)

‎meng- + ‎lamar → ‎melamar (“to propose; proposes; proposing”)

‎meng- + ‎makan (“to eat”) → ‎memakan (“to eat; eats; eating”)

‎meng- + ‎nyanyi → ‎menyanyi (“to sing; sings; singing”)

‎meng- + ‎olah → ‎mengolah (“to edit; edits; editing”)

‎meng- + ‎pukul → ‎memukul (“to hit; hits; hitting”)

‎meng- + ‎rawat → ‎merawat (“to treat; treats; treating”)

‎meng- + ‎sapu → ‎menyapu (“to sweep; sweep; sweeping”)

‎meng- + ‎tambah → ‎menambah (“to add; adds; adding”)

‎meng- + ‎urus → ‎mengurus (“to manage; manages; managing”)

‎meng- + ‎bom (“bomb”) → ‎mengebom (“to bomb; bombs; bombing”)
intransitive verbal prefix of a nominal root
1. to become as the root
  ‎meng- + ‎batu (“stone”) → ‎membatu (“to become a stone”)
2. to function as the root, or to become similar as the root
  ‎meng- + ‎supir (“driver”) → ‎menyupir (“to become a supir (“driver”), to drive”)
3. to consume the root
  ‎meng- + ‎rokok (“cigarette”) → ‎merokok (“to consume a cigarette, to smoke”)
4. to go toward the root
  ‎meng- + ‎laut (“sea”) → ‎melaut (“to go toward sea, to sail”)
5. (dated) to gather the root
  ‎meng- + ‎damar (“resin”) → ‎mendamar (“to gather the resin”)
  
  ‎meng- + ‎rotan (“rattan”) → ‎merotan
  
  ‎meng- + ‎rumput (“grass”) → ‎merumput
6. to sound as the root
intransitive verbal prefix of an adjectival root
1. to become as the root
2. to give effect as the root
(unproductive) intransitive verbal prefix of an numeral root
‎meng- + ‎satu (“one”) → ‎menyatu (“to become one”)

‎meng- + ‎dua (“two”) → ‎mendua

Usage notes

Along with the prefix peng-, this prefix are affected by initial consonant mutations.
The standard forms are shown in the list below:
- me- (IPA^(key): /mə/, before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /j/ ⟨y⟩.)
- mem- (IPA^(key): /məm/, before initials of /b/, /p/, /v/ or /f/, except initial per-, will remove initial /p/)
- men- (IPA^(key): /mən/, before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d/, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, /t/, and /z/, will remove initial /t/.)
- meng- (IPA^(key): /məŋ/, before initials of /g/, /h/, /k/ and all vowels /a/, /ə/ ⟨e⟩, /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ ⟪é⟫, /i/, /o/, /u/, will sometimes remove initial /k/.)
- menge- (IPA^(key): /məŋə/, before monosyllabic roots.)
- meny- (IPA^(key): /məɲ/, before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/.)
- Such initial consonant losses are known as kaidah KPST "KPST rule", and those beginning in consonant clusters can be optionally undeleted as a form of non-standard spelling (program → memrogram, memprogram; kritik → mengritik, mengkritik, stabil → menytabilkan, menstabilkan). Note that the medial consonant clusters -mr-, -ngr- /ŋr/, -nyt- /ɲt/ is somewhat unusual, but the first forms are usually less common than second ones.
The colloquial forms are shown, because of Betawi n-, in the list below:
- n-
- ng-
- nge-
For the word mempunyai, the initial /p/ is not removed because of habit or etymological reasons.
For the word kaji has two prefixed forms, (regular) mengaji and (irregular) mengkaji, which have different meanings. The former means "to read Quran", while the latter means "to study".

Derived terms

Indonesian terms prefixed with meng-

membalas dendam

mengidentifikasi

kencing-mengencingi

mengomputerisasi

melarikan nyawa

melarikan untung

melompat-lompat

Further reading

“meng-”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Alternative forms

me-, mem-, men-, meny-, menge-
ng- (informal, especially Sarawak)

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /məŋ-/^{[n 1]}
Hyphenation: meng-

Prefix

meng- (Jawi spelling مڠ-)

Agent focus or active voice marker of a verb.
1. Gives a meaning of doing an action.
  1. Forms the formal active form of a transitive verb.^{[n 2]}
    ‎meng- + ‎karang (“to compose”) → ‎mengarang (formal active form of karang)
  2. Letting out a voice.
    ‎meng- + ‎aum (“roar”) → ‎mengaum (“to roar”)
  3. Throwing away, searching for, or collecting something.
    ‎meng- + ‎rumput (“grass”) → ‎merumput (“to cut grass”)
  4. Approaching a target.
    ‎meng- + ‎tepi (“side”) → ‎menepi (“to go to one's side”)
  5. Behaving like or resembling something.
    ‎meng- + ‎bukit (“hill”) → ‎membukit (“to resemble a hill”)
2. Gives a meaning of stating a condition or state.
  1. Living as something.
    ‎meng- + ‎bujang (“single”) → ‎membujang (“to be single”)
  2. Becoming something.
    ‎meng- + ‎putih (“white”) → ‎memutih (“to whiten, to become white”)

Usage notes

^
The form of this prefix changes depending on the initial consonant of the word stem it attaches to as so:
- (with ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨ny⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨y⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /mə-/
  - Written as ⟨me-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎lawan (“to fight”) → ‎melawan
- (with ⟨p⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /məm-/
  - Written as ⟨mem-⟩ without initial consonant except in non-native or unnativized words
    ‎meng- + ‎pakai (“to wear”) → ‎memakai
    
    ‎meng- + ‎proses (“to process”) → ‎memproses
- (with ⟨b⟩ and ⟨f⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /məm-/
  - Written as ⟨mem-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎buat (“to do; to make”) → ‎membuat
- (with ⟨t⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /mən-/
  - Written as ⟨men-⟩ without initial consonant except in unnativized words
    ‎meng- + ‎telan (“to swallow”) → ‎menelan
    
    ‎meng- + ‎tafsir (“to interpret”) → ‎mentafsir
- (with ⟨d⟩ and ⟨z⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /mən-/
  - Written as ⟨men-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎dapat (“to get”) → ‎mendapat
- (with ⟨k⟩ and vowel-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /məŋ-/
  - Written as ⟨meng-⟩ without initial consonant except in non-native or non-nativized words
    ‎meng- + ‎korek (“to dig”) → ‎mengorek
    
    ‎meng- + ‎kritik (“to critique”) → ‎mengkritik
- (with ⟨g⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨gh⟩, and ⟨h⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /məŋ-/
  - Written as ⟨meng-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎gambarkan (“to imagine”) → ‎menggambarkan
- (with ⟨s⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /məɲ-/
    - In native or nativized words
    - Written as ⟨meny-⟩ without initial consonant
      ‎meng- + ‎sambut (“to celebrate”) → ‎menyambut
  - IPA^(key): /mən-/
    - In non-native or unnativized words
    - Written as ⟨men-⟩ with initial consonant
    - ‎meng- + ‎stabilkan (“to stabilize”) → ‎menstabilkan
- (with ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /məɲ-/
  - Written as ⟨men-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎cari (“to search for”) → ‎mencari
- (with monosyllabic stems)
  - IPA^(key): /məŋə-/
  - Written as ⟨menge-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎cat (“to paint”) → ‎mengecat
^ In most varieties of Malaysian Malay, in its everyday spoken form, this prefix is usually not used with transitive verbs.

Derived terms

Malay terms prefixed with meng-

mengimbang balas

See also

peng- (agent noun maker)
meng- -i (active causitive or locative)
meng- -kan (active causitive or benefactive)
memper- (active causitive)
di- (3rd person passive)

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