meng-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "meng"

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay meng-, Proto-Malayic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /məŋ/
• Hyphenation: mêng

• Audio

  (file)

Prefix

mêng (active mêng-, passive di-)

1. transitive agent focus, frequently but erroneously called "active voice", for AVO word order.
   • mengatur (“to arrange; arranges; arranging”)
   • membaca (“to read; reads; reading”)
   • mencabut (“to remove; removes; removing”)
   • menderma (“to donate; donates; donating”)
   • mengelak (“to avoid; avoids; avoiding”)
   • memahami (“to understand; understands; understanding”)
   • memfitnah (“to lie; lies; lying (about someone)”)
   • menggali (“to dig; digs; digging”)
   • menghantar (“to deliver; delivers; delivering”)
   • mengikat (“to tie; ties; tying”)
   • menjolok (“to poke; pokes; poking”)
   • mengira (“to count; counts; counting”)
   • melamar (“to propose; proposes; proposing”)
   • memakan (“to eat; eats; eating”)
   • menyanyi (“to sing; sings; singing”)
   • mengolah (“to edit; edits; editing”)
   • memukul (“to hit; hits; hitting”)
   • merawat (“to treat; treats; treating”)
   • menyapu (“to sweep; sweep; sweeping”)
   • menambah (“to add; adds; adding”)
   • mengurus (“to manage; manages; managing”)
   • mengebom (“to bomb; bombs; bombing”)
2. intransitive verbal prefix of a nominal root
   1. to become as the root
      • membatu (“to become a stone”)
   2. to function as the root, or to become similar as the root
      • menyupir (“to become a supir (“driver”), to drive”)
   3. to consume the root
      • merokok (“to consume a cigarette, to smoke”)
   4. to go toward the root
      • melaut (“to go toward sea, to sail”)
   5. to gather the root
   6. to sound as the root
3. intransitive verbal prefix of a adjectival root
   1. to become as the root
   2. to give effect as the root

Usage notes

• Along with the prefix peng-, this prefix are affected by initial consonant mutations.
• The standard forms are shown in the list below:
  • me- (IPA^(key): /mə/, before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /j/ ⟨y⟩.)
  • mem- (IPA^(key): /məm/, before initials of /b/, /p/, /v/ or /f/, except initial per-, will remove initial /p/)
  • men- (IPA^(key): /mən/, before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d/, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, /t/, and /z/, will remove initial /t/.)
  • meng- (IPA^(key): /məŋ/, before initials of /g/, /h/, /k/ and all vowels /a/, /ə/ ⟨e⟩, /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ ⟪é⟫, /i/, /o/, /u/, will sometimes remove initial /k/.)
  • menge- (IPA^(key): /məŋə/, before monosyllabic roots.)
  • meny- (IPA^(key): /məɲ/, before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/.)
  • Such initial consonant losses are known as kaidah KPST "KPST rule", and those beginning in consonant clusters can be optionally undeleted as a form of non-standard spelling (program → memrogram, memprogram; kritik → mengritik, mengkritik, stabil → menytabilkan, menstabilkan). Note that the medial consonant clusters -mr-, -ngr- /ŋr/, -nyt- /ɲt/ is somewhat unusual, but the first forms are usually less common than second ones.
• The colloquial forms are shown, because of Betawi n-, in the list below:
  • n-
  • ng-
  • nge-
• For the word mempunyai, the initial /p/ is not removed because of habit or etymological reasons.
• For the word kaji has two prefixed forms, (regular) mengaji and (irregular) mengkaji, which have different meanings. The former means "to read Quran", while the latter means "to study".
• For euphonic reasons, meng- before the verb kesal are non-existent and instead suppleted by etymologically-related sesal (→ menyesal).

Derived terms

Indonesian terms prefixed with meng-

Further reading

• “meng-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Malay

Alternative forms

• me-, mem-, men-, meny-, menge-

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (before /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ɲ/, /r/, /w/, /y/) /mə/
• IPA^(key): (before /b/, /p/, /f/) /məm/
• IPA^(key): (before /t͡ʃ/, /d/, /d͡ʒ/, /t/, /z/) /mən/
• IPA^(key): (before /ɡ/, /h/, /k/, vowels) /məŋ/
• IPA^(key): (before /s/) /məɲ/
• IPA^(key): (before monosyllabic roots) /məŋə/

Prefix

meng- (Jawi spelling مڠـ‎)

1. agent focus, frequently but erroneously called "active voice", for AVO word order.

   ‎meng- + ‎atur → ‎mengatur (“to arrange; arranges; arranging”)

   ‎mem- + ‎baca → ‎membaca (“to read; reads; reading”)

   ‎men- + ‎cabut → ‎mencabut (“to remove; removes; removing”)

   ‎men- + ‎derma → ‎menderma (“to donate; donates; donating”)

   ‎meng- + ‎elak → ‎mengelak (“to avoid; avoids; avoiding”)

   ‎mem- + ‎faham + ‎-i → ‎memahami (“to understand; understands; understanding”)

   ‎mem- + ‎fitnah → ‎memfitnah (“to lie; lies; lying (about someone)”)

   ‎meng- + ‎gali → ‎menggali (“to dig; digs; digging”)

   ‎meng- + ‎hantar → ‎menghantar (“to deliver; delivers; delivering”)

   ‎meng- + ‎ikat → ‎mengikat (“to tie; ties; tying”)

   ‎men- + ‎jolok → ‎menjolok (“to poke; pokes; poking”)

   ‎meng- + ‎kira → ‎mengira (“to count; counts; counting”)

   ‎me- + ‎lamar → ‎melamar (“to propose; proposes; proposing”)

   ‎me- + ‎makan → ‎memakan (“to eat; eats; eating”)

   ‎me- + ‎nyanyi → ‎menyanyi (“to sing; sings; singing”)

   ‎meng- + ‎olah → ‎mengolah (“to edit; edits; editing”)

   ‎mem- + ‎pukul → ‎memukul (“to hit; hits; hitting”)

   ‎me- + ‎rawat → ‎merawat (“to treat; treats; treating”)

   ‎meny- + ‎sapu → ‎menyapu (“to sweep; sweep; sweeping”)

   ‎men- + ‎sia-sia + ‎-kan → ‎mensia-siakan (“to make futile”)

   ‎men- + ‎tadbir → ‎mentadbir (“to administer; administers; administering”)

   ‎men- + ‎tambah → ‎menambah (“to add; adds; adding”)

   ‎men- + ‎takut-takut + ‎-kan → ‎menakut-nakutkan (“terrifying”)

   ‎meng- + ‎urus → ‎mengurus (“to manage; manages; managing”)

   ‎menge- + ‎bom → ‎mengebom (“to bomb; bombs; bombing”)

Usage notes

• (before l, m, n, ng, ny, r, w and y), meng- will be written as me-.
• (before b and f), meng- will be written as mem-.
• (before p and rarely f), meng- will be written as mem- and will require the removal of the first p or f.
• (before c, d, j and z), meng- will be written as men-.
• (before t), meng- will be written as men- and will require the removal of the first t.
• (before g and h), meng- remains written as meng-.
• (before k), meng- remains written as meng- and will require the removal of the first k.
• (before s), meng- will be written as meny- and will require the removal of the first s.
• (before monosyllabic roots) meng- will be written as menge-.