verber

See also: verbër

Danish

Noun

verber n

indefinite plural of verbum

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wer(β/b)os, from Proto-Indo-European *werb^(h)-os, from Proto-Indo-European *werb^(h)-. Perhaps related to Lithuanian vir̃bas (“rod, twig, cane”), Proto-Slavic *vьrba (“willow”).^[1] According to Adams, the term may derive from the same root *werbʰ- (“to enclose”), whence also Tocharian B wārp- (“to surround”),^[2] though Kloekhorst considers the Latin cognates to be semantically distant.^[3]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈwɛr.bɛr]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈvɛr.ber]

Noun

verber n (genitive verberis); third declension (chiefly plural only)

(rare) lash, whip, scourge, rod [first attested in Plautus]^[1]
Synonyms: flagrum, corium, lōrum, habēna, flagellum, scutica
- c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Mostellaria 1166–1167:
  Post istam veniam quid me fiet nunciam?
  ― Verberibus caedere multum pendens.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 197 BCE, Plautus, Persa 268–269:
  Quid faciet mihi?
  Verberibus caedi iusserit, compedes impingi?
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 196–199:
  si sensero hodie quicquam in his te nuptiis
  fallaciae conari quo fiant minus,
  aut velle in ea re ostendi quam sis callidus,
  verberibus caesum te in pistrinum, Dave, dedam usque ad necem
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 8.28.4:
  […] ; postremo, cum ingenuitatis magis quam praesentis condicionis memorem videret, nudari iubet verberaque adferri.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 30 BCE – 16 BCE, Propertius, Elegiae 4.1.25–26:
  Verbera pellitus saetosa movebat arator,
  Unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Vergilius, Georgicon 3.106–107:
  Illī [aurigae] instant uerbere tortō
  et prōnī dant lōra, uolat uī feruidus axis;
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 5.146–147:
  nec sīc immissīs aurīgae undantia lōra
  concussēre iugīs prōnīque in uerbera pendent.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 7.378–380:
  Ceu quondam tortō uolitāns sub uerbere turbō,
  quem puerī magnō in gȳrō uācua ātria circum
  intentī lūdō exercent, […]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 2.398–400:
  Colligit āmentēs et adhuc terrōre paventēs
  Phoebus equōs stimulōque dolēns et verbere saevit
  (saevit enim) nātumque obiectat et inputat illīs.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, De constantia sapientis 12.3:
  […] ; sic enim et pecora verbere domantur, nec irascimur illis, cum sessorem recusaverunt, sed compescimus, ut dolor contumaciam vincat.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilianus, Declamationes maiores 19.3:
  […] ; ignes ex proximo raptos, verbera, quae casus obtulerat, non diviso dolore, non per partes nec per intervalla suspenso, sed semel, sed pariter invado, pars secreti fuit, ut ipse torquerem.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
(usually singular) a thong of a sling or other similar projectile weapons
Synonym: lōrum (poetic)

Coordinate term: nervus

Holonym: funda
- c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Vergilius, Georgicon 1.307–310:
  […]
  tum gruibus pedicās et rētia pōnere ceruīs
  aurītōsque sequī leporēs, tum fīgere dammās
  stuppea torquentem Baleāris uerbera fundae,
  cum nix alta iacet, glaciem cum flūmina trūdunt.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 7.776–778:
  non ocior illo [apro]
  hasta nec excussae contorto verbere glandes
  nec Gortyniaco calamus levis exit ab arcu.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 61 CE – 65 CE, Lucanus, Pharsalia 3.469–472:
  At saxum quoties ingenti verberis actu
  Excutitur, qualis rupes, quam vertice montis
  Abscidit impulsu ventorum adiuta vetustas,
  Frangit cuncta ruens: […]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 83 CE – 96 CE, Silius Italicus, Punica 1.314:
  Hic crebram fundit Baliari verbere glandem
  terque levi ducta circum caput altus habena
  permissum ventis abscondit in aera telum,
  […]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
(transferred senses):
1. a stroke with a whip, a lashing, scourging, flogging, beating, etc.
  Synonym: plāga
  - c. 206 BCE, Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 341–342:
    Quid nunc? Si ea domist, si facio, ut eam exire hinc videas domo,
    dignun es verberibus multis? ― Dignus
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 2.356:
    tibi erunt parata verba, huic homini verbera.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.3.59:
    Mitto vincla, mitto carcerem, mitto verbera, mitto securis, crucem denique illam praetermitto quam iste civibus Romanis testem humanitatis in eos ac benivolentiae suae voluit esse, […]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes 3.64:
    Pueros vero matres et magistri castigare etiam solent, nec verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus, […]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 35 BCE, Horatius, Sermones 1.3.120–124:
    Nam ut ferula caedas meritum maiora subire
    verbera, non vereor, cum dicas esse paris res
    furta latrociniis et magnis parva mineris
    falce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnum
    permittant homines.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 2.23.7:
    Inde ostentare tergum foedum recentibus vestigiis verberum.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 16 BCE, Ovidius, Amores 1.6.19–20:
    Certe ego, cum posita stares ad verbera veste,
    ad dominam pro te verba tremente tuli.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 14.299–301:
    Spargimur ignotae sucis melioribus herbae
    percutimurque caput conversae verbere virgae,
    verbaque dicuntur dictis contraria verbis.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Hercules furens 801:
    Huc nunc et illuc verbere assiduo rotat,
    […]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 45 CE – 96 CE, Statius, Thebais 2.143–145:
    Illos post verbera fessos
    exceptamque hiemem cornu perfuderat omni
    Somnus; […]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 95 CE, Quintilianus, Institutio oratoria 1.3.15:
    Denique cum parvulum verberibus coegeris, quid iuveni facias, cui nec adhiberi potest hic metus et maiora discenda sunt?
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
2. (of inanimate things, chiefly poetic) stripes, strokes, blows etc. (e.g., of wind, water, etc.)
  - c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.953–957:
    Necdum res igni scibant tractare neque uti
    pellibus et spoliis corpus vestire ferarum,
    sed nemora atque cavos montis silvasque colebant
    et frutices inter condebant squalida membra
    verbera ventorum vitare imbrisque coacti.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 35 BCE, Horatius, Sermones 2.7.47–52:
    Acris ubi me
    natura intendit, sub clara nuda lucerna
    quaecumque excepit turgentis verbera caudae
    clunibus aut agitavit equum lasciva supinum,
    dimittit neque famosum neque sollicitum, ne
    ditior aut formae melioris meiat eodem.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 3.27.22–24:
    Hostium uxores puerique caecos
    sentiant motus orientis Austri et
    aequoris nigri fremitum et trementis
    verbere ripas.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 3.662–663:
    Illi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant
    velaque deducunt geminaque ope currere temptant:
    […]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 61 CE – 65 CE, Lucanus, Pharsalia 3.536:
    Verberibus senis agitur, molemque profundo.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 77 CE – 79 CE, Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 2.6.33:
    Et quamvis adsidua conversione immensae celeritatis attollantur ab eo rapianturque in occasum, adverso tamen ire motu per suos quaeque passus. Ita fieri, ne convolutus aer eandem in partem aeterna mundi vertigine ignavo globo torpeat, sed fundatur adverso siderum verbere discretus et digestus.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 83 CE – 96 CE, Silius Italicus, Punica 11.489–490:
    adductis percussa ad pectora tonsis
    centeno fractus spumabat verbere pontus.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 400 CE, Claudius Claudianus, De consulatu Stilichonis 1.286–290:
    velut arbiter alni,
    nubilus Aegaeo quam turbine vexat Orion,
    exiguo clavi flexu declinat aquarum
    verbera, nunc recta, nunc obliquante carina
    callidus, et pelagi caelique obnititur irae.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
3. (figurative) strokes, blows, lashes (e.g., of fortune, against one's integrity, etc.)
  - 54 BCE – 51 BCE, Cicero, De re publica 1.9:
    Quam ob rem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas cum insanos atque indomitos impetus volgi cohibere non possit, neque liberi cum inpuris atque inmanibus adversariis decertantem vel contumeliarum verbera subire, […]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - 23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 3.12.1–3:
    Miserarum est neque amori dare ludum neque dulci
    mala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentis
    patruae verbera linguae.
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  - c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 13.27.4:
    Ita animus atque mens viri prudentis, […] consilia cogitationesque contra fortunae verbera contraque insidias iniquorum quasi brachia et manus protendens, […]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

The nominative, dative, and accusative singular are classically unattested.

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	verber	verbera
genitive	verberis	verberum
dative	verberī	verberibus
accusative	verber	verbera
ablative	verbere	verberibus
vocative	verber	verbera

Derived terms

verberō

Related terms

verbēna

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “verbera”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 664
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “wārp-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 637
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ṷarpa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 966-967

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

verb

Noun

verber n

indefinite plural of verb

[EDL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “verbera”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 664

[Adams-2] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “wārp-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 637

[HIL-3] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “ṷarpa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 966-967

[1]

[2]

[3]

Danish

Noun

Latin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Usage notes

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

References

Further reading

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

Noun