zwingen

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See also: Zwingen

German

Etymology

From Middle High German twingen, from Old High German dwingan, from Proto-Germanic *þwinganą, related to *þwangiz (“clamp, strap”).[1] Cognates include Dutch dwingen, Norwegian tvinge, Swedish tvinga, Icelandic þvinga. What may be perceived as a repetition of the consonant shift (from Germanic *þ → Old High German d → Middle High German t → modern German z) is a regular development that affected all words with Old High German dw- and tw- (compare Zwerg). Compare English twinge.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtsvɪŋən/, [ˈtsʋɪŋən], [ˈtsʋɪŋŋ̩]
  • Rhymes: -ɪŋn̩
  • Hyphenation: zwin‧gen
  • audio:(file)

Verb

Template:de-verb-strong

  1. (transitive or reflexive) to force; to compel; to make (someone do something)
    • 1908, Walther Kabel, Das Tagebuch eines Irren, in: Bibliothek der Unterhaltung und des Wissens, vol. 9, Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, p. 132:
      Nur mit Aufbietung seiner ganzen Energie zwang er sich zur Ruhe.
      Only with the mobilization of all his energy did he force himself to be calm.
  2. (intransitive, with "zu ...") to necessitate; to call for

Conjugation

Template:de-conj-strong

References

  1. ^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “zwingen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

Further reading

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