Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*bʰers-^[1]

top, tip, point

Derived terms[edit]

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰers-‎ (9 c, 0 e)

*bʰars-^[2] ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)
- Albanian: bar (“grass”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *buras (< *bʰr̥-(e)s-)
  - Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)
  - Breton: bara (“bread”)
  - Old Cornish: bara
  - Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)
  - Welsh: bara (“bread”)
- Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”)^[3]
  - English: bere, barley
  - ⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (barizeins, “barley”)
  - Old Norse: barr (“grain”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Φήρον (Phḗron, “plant deity”)
- Proto-Italic: *fars
  - Latin: far (“type of husked wheat, emmer; grain, flour, grits”)
  - Faliscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”)

*bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰr̥s-ḱo-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *bruskaz (“tuft; thicket”) (or from *bʰrus-go-?)^[4]
  - Frankish: *brusk
    - → Old French: brosse, broce, broche
      - → Middle English: brusche, brusshe
        English: brush
  - Old Norse: brúskr
    - Icelandic: brúskur
    - Norwegian: brusk (“shrub, undergrowth”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰərskos
  - >? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)^[5]
    - Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)

*bʰr̥s-t-yós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burštjás
  - Proto-Slavic: *bъ̃rščь (“hogweed”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥s-ó-s^[1]^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *barros (“top, point”) (< earlier *barsos)^[1]^[5]
  - Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: barr
      - Breton: barr
    - Cornish: bar
    - Middle Welsh: barr
      - Welsh: bar
  - Old Irish: barr

*bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s^[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ
    - Sanskrit: भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “a point, top”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (vo^uru-bar^əšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)
- Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom^[6]
  - Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰors-i(H)n- ~ *bʰars-i(H)n-^[7]
- *bʰors-in-óm ~ *bʰars-in-óm n
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina
    - Proto-Slavic: *bȏršьno (“flour, food”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bar(š)- + *-ība
      - Latvian: barĩba (“food”)
- *bʰors-iHn-eh₂ ~ *bʰars-iHn-eh₂ f
  - Proto-Italic: *farsīnā
    - Latin: fārīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)

*bʰórs-o-s^[8]
- Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *barskaz^[5]
  - Old Saxon: *barsk
    - Middle Low German: barsch (“sharp, rough, stern”)
      - → German: barsch
      - → Danish: barsk
      - → Norwegian: barsk
      - → Swedish: barsk

Unsorted formations:
- Lithuanian: brū̃sgai m pl (“underbrush”)

Compounds

*bʰers-dʰh₁eti
- *bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o-^[9] (with vowel metathesis)
  - Proto-Celtic: *brosdos
    - Old Irish: brot (“goad, spike”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *brazdą (“edge, brim”)
    - Proto-West Germanic: *braʀd m
      - Old English: breard (“brim, margin”)
      - Old High German: brart (“edge”)
        Middle High German: brart (“edge; board”)
    - Old Norse: *bradd
      - Elfdalian: bradd m (“edge”)
      - Icelandic: bradd n (“edge”)
      - Norwegian: bradd n (“shore, side”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”)^[10] (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*barro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 58: “*bʰers- 'point'”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “far”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bariz- ~ *barza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bruska-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 80
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φάσκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1557
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fastīgō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203: “*bʰr̥s-tí- 'top', point”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “bȍršьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barsa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53: “*bʰors-o-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brazda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 74
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bruzda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

[Matasovic-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*barro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 58: “*bʰers- 'point'”

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “far”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bariz- ~ *barza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bruska-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 80

[Beekes-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φάσκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1557

[DeVaan-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fastīgō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203: “*bʰr̥s-tí- 'top', point”

[7] Derksen, Rick (2008) “bȍršьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN

[Kroonen-8] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barsa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53: “*bʰors-o-”

[9] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brazda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 74

[10] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bruzda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

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Root[edit]

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

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