蝦夷

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See also: 虾夷

Chinese[edit]

shrimp; prawn
 
safe; to raze; to exterminate
safe; to raze; to exterminate; barbarian
trad. (蝦夷) 蝦 夷
simp. (虾夷) 虾 夷
alternative forms 蝦蛦／虾蛦
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Etymology[edit]

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 蝦夷 (Emishi, Ezo).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

蝦夷

  1. Emishi (ancient ethnic group living in eastern Japan)

Derived terms[edit]

Japanese[edit]

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Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えぞ
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

First cited in the 久安百首 (Kyūan Hyaku Shu, “Hundred Songs of the Kyūan Era”) of 1153.[1]

There are conflicting theories regarding the derivation of the term Ezo. The Daijirin, Shinmeikai, and Gakken dictionaries all suggest that Ezo may be a borrowing from Ainu エンチウ, enciw (“person; people, humanity”),[2][3][4] presumably via a phonological shift somewhat like the below:

/ent͡siw/ → */ent͡ʃiu/ → */ent͡ʃu/ → */end͡ʑu/ → /ezo/

The Kokugo Dai Jiten dictionary instead derives synonymous reading Emishi from enciw,[1] but the phonological shifts required for such a derivation seem unlikely.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

蝦夷(えぞ) • (Ezo) 

  1. [from 1153] (historical) those people living in the northeast of Japan, regardless of ethnicity, with customs and culture and government that differ from the central Japanese imperial state
  2. [from 1485] (historical) an ancient ethnic group that once lived in what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people
    • 1153, Kyūan Hyakushu (poem 34 by Fujiwara no Chikataka)
      えぞが住(す)む津(つ)軽(がろ)の野辺(のべ)の萩盛(はぎさか)りこや錦(にしき)木(ぎ)の立(た)てるなるらん
      Ezo ga sumu Tsugaro-no-nobe no hagi sakari koya nishikigi no taterunaruran
      In Tsugaro[sic] where the Ezo live, the fields are abloom with clover; by now they will be setting up wooden trees, brocaded with desire.[5]
    Synonyms: 蝦夷 (Emishi), 夷 (Ebisu)
  3. (regional) short for 蝦夷松 (Ezo matsu): Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis)
Derived terms[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

蝦夷(えぞ) • (Ezo) 

  1. (historical) short for 蝦夷地 (Ezochi): collective name for Hokkaido (mostly), the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin before the Meiji period
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Descendants[edit]
  • → English: Ezo, Yezo
See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えみし
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emiɕi/

From Old Japanese 蝦夷 (Emi1si). First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720, where the word is also found with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 愛瀰詩 (Emi1si).[6] Further derivation unclear. Possibly from Ainu emush or emus (“sword”) via metonymous use to refer to a warrior.

According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.[7]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

蝦夷(えみし) • (Emishi) 

  1. [from 720] (historical, archaic) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people
Descendants[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

蝦夷(えみし) • (Emishi) 

  1. short for 蘇我蝦夷 (Soga no Emishi): Asuka-period statesman of the Yamato court, son of Soga no Umako and father of Soga no Iruka

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えびす
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisʉ/ → /emisu/ → /ebisu/

Either a shift from Emishi or directly from Emisu, with the nasal /m/ becoming a plosive /b/. This reading is traditionally ascribed to the 蝦夷 spelling in the 肥前国風土記 (Hizen no Kuni no Fudoki) of the 730s,[6] but the first unambiguous instance of this reading appears in the 宇津保物語 (Utsubo Monogatari) of the late 900s.[6]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

蝦夷(えびす) • (Ebisu) 

  1. [from 730s, or from late 900s] (historical, archaic) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えみす
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisʉ/ → /emisu/

Shift from Emishi. This reading appears in the Heian-period Nihon Shoki Shiki, a lectural interpretation of the Nihon Shoki compiled in different editions, from the years 721 through 967.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

蝦夷(えみす) • (Emisu) 

  1. (historical, rare) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “蝦夷”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ “蝦夷 (Ezo)”, in 学研国語大辞典 [Gakken Big Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Gakken, (Can we date this quote?): “《参考》(アイヌ)enju(=人)から。 ― «Sankō» (Ainu) enju (= hito) kara. ― «Reference» From (Ainu) enju (= person)”
  5. ^ David Bialock (2007) Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority from The Chronicles of Japan to The Tale of the Heike (Asian Religions and Cultures)‎[2], Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 196
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 “えみし 【蝦夷】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) Paid subscription required‎[3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Old Japanese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Ainu, either from エンジュ (*enzyu) or エㇺチウ (*emchiu), both meaning “man, person”.[1][2]

According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.[3]

Noun[edit]

蝦夷 (Emi1si) (kana えみし)

  1. an ancient ethnic group that once lived on eastern and northeastern Japan and was possibly related to the Ainu people
    • 720, Nihon Shoki (poem 11)[4]
      愛瀰詩烏毗儾利毛毛那比苔比苔破易陪廼毛多牟伽毗毛勢儒
      Emi1si wo pi1dari momo na pi1to2 pi1to2 pa ipe2do2 mo tamukapi1 mo sezu
      A single Emishi is worth a hundred men, so they say, yet they did not resist.
      For more quotations using this term, see Citations:蝦夷.

Quotations[edit]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:蝦夷.

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Japanese: 蝦夷 (Emishi, Emisu, Ebisu, Ezo)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ “えみし 【蝦夷】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) Paid subscription required‎[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
  4. ^ Sakamoto, Tarō with Ienaga Saburō, Inoue Mitsusada, Ōno Susumu (1965) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Nihon Shoki (vol. 1), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Further reading[edit]

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