返る
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
返 |
かえ Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative forms
[edit]- (reverse, turn over; renew; continuative verb suffix): 反る
Etymology
[edit]⟨kape1ru⟩ → */kapʷeru/ → /kaferu/ → /kawʲeru/ → /kaeru/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kapyaru.
Appears to be derived from a kape- stem, compare 返す (kaesu, “return”, transitive).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「返る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
返る | かえる | [káꜜèrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 返れ | かえれ | [káꜜèrè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 返られる | かえられる | [kàéráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 返らせる | かえらせる | [kàéráséꜜrù] |
Potential | 返れる | かえれる | [kàéréꜜrù] |
Volitional | 返ろう | かえろー | [kàéróꜜò] |
Negative | 返らない | かえらない | [kàéráꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 返らなかった | かえらなかった | [kàéráꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 返ります | かえります | [kàérímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 返った | かえった | [káꜜèttà] |
Conjunctive | 返って | かえって | [káꜜèttè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 返れば | かえれば | [káꜜèrèbà] |
Verb
[edit]返る • (kaeru) ←かへる (kaferu)?intransitive godan (stem 返り (kaeri), past 返った (kaetta))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 返す |
mediopassive | 返る |
- to return, go back
- to reverse, turn over
- to change color, fade
- (of a year) to renew
- (by extension) to start over
- suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb:
- to [verb] completely
- to [verb] over and over or repeatedly
- , text here
- 夜干玉之夜乎長鴨吾背子之夢尓夢西所見還良武 [Man'yōgana]
- ぬばたまの夜を長みかもわが背子が夢に夢にし見えかへるらむ [Modern spelling]
- nubatama no yo o nagami ka mo waga seko ga ime ni ime ni shi mie-kaeruran
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- , text here
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "返る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 返ら | かえら | kaera |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 返り | かえり | kaeri |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 返る | かえる | kaeru |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 返る | かえる | kaeru |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 返れ | かえれ | kaere |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 返れ | かえれ | kaere |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 返られる | かえられる | kaerareru |
Causative | 返らせる 返らす |
かえらせる かえらす |
kaeraseru kaerasu |
Potential | 返れる | かえれる | kaereru |
Volitional | 返ろう | かえろう | kaerō |
Negative | 返らない | かえらない | kaeranai |
Negative continuative | 返らず | かえらず | kaerazu |
Formal | 返ります | かえります | kaerimasu |
Perfective | 返った | かえった | kaetta |
Conjunctive | 返って | かえって | kaette |
Hypothetical conditional | 返れば | かえれば | kaereba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 返ら | かへら | kafera |
Continuative (連用形) | 返り | かへり | kaferi |
Terminal (終止形) | 返る | かへる | kaferu |
Attributive (連体形) | 返る | かへる | kaferu |
Realis (已然形) | 返れ | かへれ | kafere |
Imperative (命令形) | 返れ | かへれ | kafere |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 返らず | かへらず | kaferazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 返れど | かへれど | kaferedo |
Causal conjunction | 返れば | かへれば | kafereba |
Conditional conjunction | 返らば | かへらば | kaferaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 返りき | かへりき | kaferiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 返りけり | かへりけり | kaferikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 返りつ | かへりつ | kaferitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 返りぬ | かへりぬ | kaferinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 返れり 返りたり |
かへれり かへりたり |
kafereri kaferitari |
Volitional | 返らむ | かへらむ | kaferamu |
Derived terms
[edit]- 帰る, 還る (kaeru, “go home”)
- 孵る (kaeru, “hatch out”)
- 覆る (kutsugaeru, “topple”)
- 翻る (hirugaeru, “turn around”)
- 踏ん反り返る (funzorikaeru)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 返 read as かえ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs that end in -iru or -eru
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples