Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/márkos: difference between revisions
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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The form has been connected to words for 'horse' that extend eastward in non-IE languages, but the dating and direction of borrowing remains uncertain. [[w:Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze|T. Gamkrelidze]] and [[w:Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|V. Ivanov]] associate the word to horse riding in the [[w:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]].<ref>R. Matasović (2009): Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, p. 257.</ref><ref>T. Gamkrelidze & V. Ivanov (1995): Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, p. 472-473.</ref> |
The form has been connected to words for 'horse' that extend eastward in non-IE languages, but the dating and direction of borrowing remains uncertain. [[w:Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze|T. Gamkrelidze]] and [[w:Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|V. Ivanov]] associate the word to horse riding in the [[w:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]].<ref>R. Matasović (2009): Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, p. 257.</ref><ref>T. Gamkrelidze & V. Ivanov (1995): Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, p. 472-473.</ref> Most scholars regard it as a [[Wanderwort]] of unknown origin. [[Altaic]], [[Thracian]] and [[Scythian]] reconstructions are among the most discussed theories.<ref>G. Lee, H. Whittaker, G. Wrightson (2015): Ancient Warfare: Introducing Current Research, Volume I, pp. 175-176</ref> |
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===Reconstruction=== |
===Reconstruction=== |
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* limited geographical distribution in Western IE - only present in the Celtic and Germanic branches. |
* limited geographical distribution in Western IE - only present in the Celtic and Germanic branches. |
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* the presence of rare/disputed PIE phoneme */a/, a reconstruction ''*mh₂érkos'' seems untenable. |
* the presence of rare/disputed PIE phoneme */a/, a reconstruction ''*mh₂érkos'' seems untenable. |
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One theory which does not accept the existence of this PIE word sees the Germanic forms as a borrowing from the Celtic, |
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and those as a loan from {{cog|ira-pro|*márikah}} (compare {{cog|peo|tr=marika|t=male, manly}}), from {{m|ira-pro|*máryah}} (compare {{cog|ae|𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀|t=man; male animal}}); akin to {{cog|sa|मर्य|tr=márya|t=young man; stallion}}. More at {{m|en|marry}}. |
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===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
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====Usage notes==== |
====Usage notes==== |
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Possibly denoting only a "wild horse" as opposed to the {{m|ine-pro|*h₁éḱwos||domestic horse}}. |
Possibly denoting only a "wild horse" or "war horse" as opposed to the {{m|ine-pro|*h₁éḱwos||domestic horse}}. |
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====Inflection==== |
====Inflection==== |
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Revision as of 19:50, 6 December 2018
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
The form has been connected to words for 'horse' that extend eastward in non-IE languages, but the dating and direction of borrowing remains uncertain. T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov associate the word to horse riding in the Bronze Age.[1][2] Most scholars regard it as a Wanderwort of unknown origin. Altaic, Thracian and Scythian reconstructions are among the most discussed theories.[3]
Reconstruction
The reconstruction at the PIE level is disputed on several grounds:
- limited geographical distribution in Western IE - only present in the Celtic and Germanic branches.
- the presence of rare/disputed PIE phoneme */a/, a reconstruction *mh₂érkos seems untenable.
Noun
*márkos
- horse (Equus caballus)
- (possibly) wild horse (Equus przewalskii or gmelini)
Usage notes
Possibly denoting only a "wild horse" or "war horse" as opposed to the *h₁éḱwos (“domestic horse”).
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *márkos | ||
| genitive | *márkosyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *márkos | *márkoh₁ | *márkoes |
| vocative | *márke | *márkoh₁ | *márkoes |
| accusative | *márkom | *márkoh₁ | *márkoms |
| genitive | *márkosyo | *? | *márkoHom |
| ablative | *márkead | *? | *márkomos |
| dative | *márkoey | *? | *márkomos |
| locative | *márkey, *márkoy | *? | *márkoysu |
| instrumental | *márkoh₁ | *? | *márkōys |
Synonyms
Derived terms
Descendants
- Celtic: *markos (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *marhaz (see there for further descendants)
References
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 274
- Lua error in Module:languages/errorGetBy at line 16: Please specify a language or etymology language code in the parameter "1"; the value "Japanese" is not valid (see Wiktionary:List of languages).
- Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 4: Man’yōshū 4 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2003, →ISBN.
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*mórV”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill