λάβρος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• λαῦρος (laûros)

Etymology

Unknown. Beekes rejects the traditional connections to λαβεῖν (labeîn) and λάζομαι (lázomai, “to seize, grasp”) and tentatively derives the word from Pre-Greek, albeit without strong evidence of typical Pre-Greek alternation patterns.

Another theory derives the word from a dissimilation of from Proto-Indo-European *rabʰros, from *rabʰ- (“to rage, to be furious, to anger”) (whence also Latin rabiō, rabiēs and Sanskrit रभस् (rabhas)); though semantically sound, this is phonetically difficult, as the expected form going from *ράφρος (*ráphros) > λάβρος (lábros) requires two consonant changes. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /lá.bros/ → /ˈla.βros/ → /ˈla.vros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /lá.bros/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈla.bros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.βros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/

 

• IPA^(key): /lǎː.bros/ → /ˈla.βros/ → /ˈla.vros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /lǎː.bros/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈla.bros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.βros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/

Adjective

λᾱ́βρος • (lā́bros) m or f (neuter λᾱ́βρον); second declension (Homeric)
λᾰ́βρος • (lábros) m or f (neuter λᾰ́βρον); second declension (Post-Homeric)
λᾰ́βρος • (lábros) m (feminine λᾰ́βρᾱ, neuter λᾰ́βρον); first/second declension (Post-Homeric, rare)

1. (Homeric, of wind and water) furious, boisterous
2. (Homeric, of the Hellespont personified) huge, mighty
3. (Post-Homeric, of men) boisterous, turbulent
4. (Post-Homeric, of men, of speech) hasty
5. (Post-Homeric, of men) fierce, violent, impetuous

Usage notes

• The initial alpha is long by position in Epic Greek but short in later texts. Although Homer does not use λάβρος to describe people or their speech, he has the related words λαβραγόρης and λαβρεύομαι used in those ways.

Declension

Second declension of λᾱ́βρος; λᾱ́βρον (Epic)

Number		Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		λᾱ́βρος lā́bros	λᾱ́βρον lā́bron		λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō		λᾱ́βροι lā́broi	λᾱ́βρᾰ lā́bra
Genitive		λᾱ́βρου / λᾱβροῖο / λᾱ́βροιο / λᾱβρόο / λᾱ́βροο lā́brou / lābroîo / lā́broio / lābróo / lā́broo	λᾱ́βρου / λᾱβροῖο / λᾱ́βροιο / λᾱβρόο / λᾱ́βροο lā́brou / lābroîo / lā́broio / lābróo / lā́broo		λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiin	λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiin		λᾱ́βρων lā́brōn	λᾱ́βρων lā́brōn
Dative		λᾱ́βρῳ lā́brōi	λᾱ́βρῳ lā́brōi		λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiin	λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiin		λᾱ́βροισῐ / λᾱ́βροισῐν / λᾱ́βροις lā́broisi(n) / lā́brois	λᾱ́βροισῐ / λᾱ́βροισῐν / λᾱ́βροις lā́broisi(n) / lā́brois
Accusative		λᾱ́βρον lā́bron	λᾱ́βρον lā́bron		λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō		λᾱ́βρους lā́brous	λᾱ́βρᾰ lā́bra
Vocative		λᾱ́βρε lā́bre	λᾱ́βρον lā́bron		λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō		λᾱ́βροι lā́broi	λᾱ́βρᾰ lā́bra
Derived forms		Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
		λᾱ́βρως lā́brōs			λᾱβρότερος lābróteros			λᾱβρότᾰτος lābrótatos
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Second declension of λᾰ́βρος; λᾰ́βρον (Attic)

Number		Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		λᾰ́βρος lábros	λᾰ́βρον lábron		λᾰ́βρω lábrō	λᾰ́βρω lábrō		λᾰ́βροι lábroi	λᾰ́βρᾰ lábra
Genitive		λᾰ́βρου lábrou	λᾰ́βρου lábrou		λᾰ́βροιν lábroin	λᾰ́βροιν lábroin		λᾰ́βρων lábrōn	λᾰ́βρων lábrōn
Dative		λᾰ́βρῳ lábrōi	λᾰ́βρῳ lábrōi		λᾰ́βροιν lábroin	λᾰ́βροιν lábroin		λᾰ́βροις lábrois	λᾰ́βροις lábrois
Accusative		λᾰ́βρον lábron	λᾰ́βρον lábron		λᾰ́βρω lábrō	λᾰ́βρω lábrō		λᾰ́βρους lábrous	λᾰ́βρᾰ lábra
Vocative		λᾰ́βρε lábre	λᾰ́βρον lábron		λᾰ́βρω lábrō	λᾰ́βρω lábrō		λᾰ́βροι lábroi	λᾰ́βρᾰ lábra
Derived forms		Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
		λᾰ́βρως lábrōs			λᾰβρότερος labróteros			λᾰβρότᾰτος labrótatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of λᾰ́βρος; λᾰ́βρᾱ; λᾰ́βρον (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		λᾰ́βρος lábros	λᾰ́βρᾱ lábrā	λᾰ́βρον lábron		λᾰ́βρω lábrō	λᾰ́βρᾱ lábrā	λᾰ́βρω lábrō		λᾰ́βροι lábroi	λᾰ́βραι lábrai	λᾰ́βρᾰ lábra
Genitive		λᾰ́βρου lábrou	λᾰ́βρᾱς lábrās	λᾰ́βρου lábrou		λᾰ́βροιν lábroin	λᾰ́βραιν lábrain	λᾰ́βροιν lábroin		λᾰ́βρων lábrōn	λᾰ́βρων lábrōn	λᾰ́βρων lábrōn
Dative		λᾰ́βρῳ lábrōi	λᾰ́βρᾳ lábrāi	λᾰ́βρῳ lábrōi		λᾰ́βροιν lábroin	λᾰ́βραιν lábrain	λᾰ́βροιν lábroin		λᾰ́βροις lábrois	λᾰ́βραις lábrais	λᾰ́βροις lábrois
Accusative		λᾰ́βρον lábron	λᾰ́βρᾱν lábrān	λᾰ́βρον lábron		λᾰ́βρω lábrō	λᾰ́βρᾱ lábrā	λᾰ́βρω lábrō		λᾰ́βρους lábrous	λᾰ́βρᾱς lábrās	λᾰ́βρᾰ lábra
Vocative		λᾰ́βρε lábre	λᾰ́βρᾱ lábrā	λᾰ́βρον lábron		λᾰ́βρω lábrō	λᾰ́βρᾱ lábrā	λᾰ́βρω lábrō		λᾰ́βροι lábroi	λᾰ́βραι lábrai	λᾰ́βρᾰ lábra
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		λᾰ́βρως lábrōs				λᾰβρότερος labróteros				λᾰβρότᾰτος labrótatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• λαβραγορέω (labragoréō)
• λαβραγόρης (labragórēs)
• λαβράζω (labrázō)
• λαβράκιον (labrákion)
• λαβράκτης (labráktēs)
• λαβράνιος (labránios)
• λάβραξ (lábrax)
• λαβρεία (labreía)
• λαβρεύομαι (labreúomai)
• λαβρηγορέω (labrēgoréō)
• λαβροβόρος (labrobóros)
• λαβρόνιον (labrónion)
• λαβρόομαι (labróomai)
• λαβροπόδης (labropódēs)
• λαβροποσία (labroposía)
• λαβροποτέω (labropotéō)
• λαβροσιάων (labrosiáōn)
• λαβροστομέω (labrostoméō)
• λαβροστομία (labrostomía)
• λαβροσύνη (labrosúnē)
• λαβρόσυτος (labrósutos)
• λαβρότης (labrótēs)
• λαβροφαγέω (labrophagéō)
• λαβρύσσει (labrússei)

Further reading

• “λάβρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “λάβρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “λάβρος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• λάβρος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• λάβρος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “λάβρος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter