turbulent

English

Etymology

From Middle English turbulent, from Middle French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus, from turba (“disorder, tumult, crowd”).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈtɜːbjələnt/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈtɝbjələnt/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Hyphenation: tur‧bu‧lent

Adjective

turbulent (comparative more turbulent, superlative most turbulent)

1. violently disturbed or agitated; tempestuous, tumultuous

   It is dangerous to sail in turbulent seas.

2. being in, or causing, disturbance or unrest

   The mid-19th century was a turbulent time in American history.

   • 2013 August 10, Lexington, “Keeping the mighty honest”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

     The [Washington] Post's proprietor through those turbulent [Watergate] days, Katharine Graham, held a double place in Washington’s hierarchy: at once regal Georgetown hostess and scrappy newshound, ready to hold the establishment to account. That is a very American position.

Derived terms

• gravitoturbulent
• gravoturbulent
• macroturbulent
• microturbulent
• nonturbulent
• turbulent flow
• turbulently

 

Related terms

• disturb
• perturb
• trouble
• turbid
• turbine
• turbulence

 

Translations

violently disturbed or agitated

• Armenian: խռովահույզ (hy) (xṙovahuyz)
• Bulgarian: бурен (bg) (buren), развълнуван (bg) (razvǎlnuvan)
• Danish: turbulent (da)
• Finnish: turbulenttinen, myrskyisä (fi)
• French: mouvementé (fr) m
• Galician: turbulento
• Ingrian: burnoi
• Latin: turbulentus
• Maori: tuarangaranga (of the sea)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: turbulent

  Nynorsk: turbulent

• Persian: متلاطم (fa) (motalâtem)
• Portuguese: turbulento (pt) m, atribulado (pt) m, agitado (pt) m
• Romanian: turbulent (ro) m or n
• Russian: бу́рный (ru) (búrnyj)
• Spanish: tempestuoso (es), agitado (es), accidentado (es), turbulento (es)
• Swedish: turbulent (sv)
• Ukrainian: бурхли́вий (uk) (burxlývyj), неспокі́йний (nespokíjnyj), турбуле́нтний (turbuléntnyj)

being in disturbance or unrest

• Bulgarian: буен (bg) (buen), необуздан (bg) (neobuzdan)
• Finnish: turbulentti, myllertävä (fi), melskeinen
• Galician: turbulento
• Latin: turbulentus
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: turbulent

  Nynorsk: turbulent

• Portuguese: turbulento (pt) m, atribulado (pt) m, agitado (pt) m
• Spanish: tempestuoso (es), agitado (es), accidentado (es), turbulento (es)
• Swedish: turbulent (sv)
• Ukrainian: бурхли́вий (uk) (burxlývyj)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Dutch: ^{(please verify)} woelig (nl), ^{(please verify)} wild (nl)
• German: ^{(please verify)} turbulent (de)
• Italian: ^{(please verify)} turbolento (it)
• Serbo-Croatian: ^{(please verify)} turbùlentan (sh), ^{(please verify)} nȅmīran (sh)

Further reading

• “turbulent”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• “turbulent”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
• “turbulent”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch turbulent, from Middle French turbulent, from Old French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˌtʏr.byˈlɛnt/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: tur‧bu‧lent
• Rhymes: -ɛnt

Adjective

turbulent (comparative turbulenter, superlative turbulentst)

1. turbulent

Declension

Declension of turbulent
uninflected	turbulent
inflected	turbulente
comparative	turbulenter
		positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial		turbulent	turbulenter	het turbulentst het turbulentste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	turbulente	turbulentere	turbulentste
	n. sing.	turbulent	turbulenter	turbulentste
	plural	turbulente	turbulentere	turbulentste
definite		turbulente	turbulentere	turbulentste
partitive		turbulents	turbulenters	—

Derived terms

• turbulentie

Descendants

• → Indonesian: turbulen

French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French turbulent, from Old French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tyʁ.by.lɑ̃/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

turbulent (feminine turbulente, masculine plural turbulents, feminine plural turbulentes)

1. turbulent
2. unruly

Further reading

• “turbulent”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

German

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin turbulentus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tʊʁbuˈlɛnt/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

turbulent (strong nominative masculine singular turbulenter, comparative turbulenter, superlative am turbulentesten)

1. turbulent

Declension

Positive forms of turbulent

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist turbulent	sie ist turbulent	es ist turbulent	sie sind turbulent
strong declension (without article)	nominative	turbulenter	turbulente	turbulentes	turbulente
	genitive	turbulenten	turbulenter	turbulenten	turbulenter
	dative	turbulentem	turbulenter	turbulentem	turbulenten
	accusative	turbulenten	turbulente	turbulentes	turbulente
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der turbulente	die turbulente	das turbulente	die turbulenten
	genitive	des turbulenten	der turbulenten	des turbulenten	der turbulenten
	dative	dem turbulenten	der turbulenten	dem turbulenten	den turbulenten
	accusative	den turbulenten	die turbulente	das turbulente	die turbulenten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein turbulenter	eine turbulente	ein turbulentes	(keine) turbulenten
	genitive	eines turbulenten	einer turbulenten	eines turbulenten	(keiner) turbulenten
	dative	einem turbulenten	einer turbulenten	einem turbulenten	(keinen) turbulenten
	accusative	einen turbulenten	eine turbulente	ein turbulentes	(keine) turbulenten

Comparative forms of turbulent

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist turbulenter	sie ist turbulenter	es ist turbulenter	sie sind turbulenter
strong declension (without article)	nominative	turbulenterer	turbulentere	turbulenteres	turbulentere
	genitive	turbulenteren	turbulenterer	turbulenteren	turbulenterer
	dative	turbulenterem	turbulenterer	turbulenterem	turbulenteren
	accusative	turbulenteren	turbulentere	turbulenteres	turbulentere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der turbulentere	die turbulentere	das turbulentere	die turbulenteren
	genitive	des turbulenteren	der turbulenteren	des turbulenteren	der turbulenteren
	dative	dem turbulenteren	der turbulenteren	dem turbulenteren	den turbulenteren
	accusative	den turbulenteren	die turbulentere	das turbulentere	die turbulenteren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein turbulenterer	eine turbulentere	ein turbulenteres	(keine) turbulenteren
	genitive	eines turbulenteren	einer turbulenteren	eines turbulenteren	(keiner) turbulenteren
	dative	einem turbulenteren	einer turbulenteren	einem turbulenteren	(keinen) turbulenteren
	accusative	einen turbulenteren	eine turbulentere	ein turbulenteres	(keine) turbulenteren

Superlative forms of turbulent

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist am turbulentesten	sie ist am turbulentesten	es ist am turbulentesten	sie sind am turbulentesten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	turbulentester	turbulenteste	turbulentestes	turbulenteste
	genitive	turbulentesten	turbulentester	turbulentesten	turbulentester
	dative	turbulentestem	turbulentester	turbulentestem	turbulentesten
	accusative	turbulentesten	turbulenteste	turbulentestes	turbulenteste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der turbulenteste	die turbulenteste	das turbulenteste	die turbulentesten
	genitive	des turbulentesten	der turbulentesten	des turbulentesten	der turbulentesten
	dative	dem turbulentesten	der turbulentesten	dem turbulentesten	den turbulentesten
	accusative	den turbulentesten	die turbulenteste	das turbulenteste	die turbulentesten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein turbulentester	eine turbulenteste	ein turbulentestes	(keine) turbulentesten
	genitive	eines turbulentesten	einer turbulentesten	eines turbulentesten	(keiner) turbulentesten
	dative	einem turbulentesten	einer turbulentesten	einem turbulentesten	(keinen) turbulentesten
	accusative	einen turbulentesten	eine turbulenteste	ein turbulentestes	(keine) turbulentesten

Further reading

• “turbulent” in Duden online
• “turbulent” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin turbulentus.

Adjective

turbulent (neuter singular turbulent, definite singular and plural turbulente)

1. turbulent

References

• “turbulent” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin turbulentus.

Adjective

turbulent (neuter singular turbulent, definite singular and plural turbulente)

1. turbulent

References

• “turbulent” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Piedmontese

Alternative forms

• türbülent

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tyrbyˈlɛŋt/

Adjective

turbulent

1. turbulent

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus.

Adjective

turbulent m or n (feminine singular turbulentă, masculine plural turbulenți, feminine and neuter plural turbulente)

1. turbulent

Declension

		singular				plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine		masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative- accusative	indefinite	turbulent		turbulentă		turbulenți	turbulente
	definite	turbulentul		turbulenta		turbulenții	turbulentele
genitive- dative	indefinite	turbulent		turbulente		turbulenți	turbulente
	definite	turbulentului		turbulentei		turbulenților	turbulentelor

Swedish

Adjective

turbulent (comparative turbulentare, superlative turbulentast)

1. turbulent (agitated, whirling)
2. (figuratively) turbulent, tumultuous

Declension

Inflection of turbulent

Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative1
common singular	turbulent	turbulentare	turbulentast
neuter singular	turbulent	turbulentare	turbulentast
plural	turbulenta	turbulentare	turbulentast
masculine plural2	turbulente	turbulentare	turbulentast
Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular3	turbulente	turbulentare	turbulentaste
all	turbulenta	turbulentare	turbulentaste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

Related terms

• turbulens

References

• turbulent in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• turbulent in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)