πένομαι

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to weave, spin”), with semantic shift "to weave, stretch" > "to tense, strain" > "to exert oneself". Cognate with Lithuanian pìnti (“to braid, plait”), Old Church Slavonic пѧти (pęti, “to tie, fix”), Old English spinnan (“to spin”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /pé.no.mai̯/ → /ˈpe.no.mɛ/ → /ˈpe.no.me/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pé.no.mai̯/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.no.mɛ/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.no.mɛ/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.no.me/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.no.me/

Verb

πένομαι • (pénomai)

1. to toil, labor, exert oneself

Conjugation

   Present: πένομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle	indicative	πένομαι	πένῃ, πένει	πένεται	πένεσθον	πένεσθον	πενόμεθᾰ	πένεσθε	πένονται
	subjunctive	πένωμαι	πένῃ	πένηται	πένησθον	πένησθον	πενώμεθᾰ	πένησθε	πένωνται
	optative	πενοίμην	πένοιο	πένοιτο	πένοισθον	πενοίσθην	πενοίμεθᾰ	πένοισθε	πένοιντο
	imperative		πένου	πενέσθω	πένεσθον	πενέσθων		πένεσθε	πενέσθων
infinitive						πένεσθαι
participle	m					πενόμενος
	f					πενομένη
	n					πενόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἐπενόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle	indicative	ἐπενόμην	ἐπένου	ἐπένετο	ἐπένεσθον	ἐπενέσθην	ἐπενόμεθᾰ	ἐπένεσθε	ἐπένοντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: πενόμην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle	indicative	πενόμην	πένου	πένετο	πένεσθον	πενέσθην	πενόμε(σ)θᾰ	πένεσθε	πένοντο
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

• ἀμφιπένομαι (amphipénomai)
• πενέστης (penéstēs)
• συμπένομαι (sumpénomai)

 

Related terms

• πένης (pénēs)
• πήνη (pḗnē)
• πόνος (pónos)

 

Further reading

• “πένομαι”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• πένομαι in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• πένομαι in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “πένομαι”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • deficient idem, page 205.
  • lack idem, page 473.
  • need idem, page 554.
  • poor idem, page 626.
  • require idem, page 700.
  • want idem, page 961.