кацам
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Bulgarian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Unclear:
- Possibly related to Bulgarian ка́ча (káča, “to climb”), Lithuanian kakėti (“to descend”), Latvian kakt (“to culminate”). Georgiev tentatively considers further association with Albanian këcej (“to hop over”).
- Filipova-Bayrova supposes Greek origin, from the aorist stem έκατσα (ékatsa) of Ancient Greek κᾰ́θημαι (káthēmai, “to settle”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
ка́цам • (kácam) first-singular present indicative, impf (perfective ка́цна)
- (intransitive) to alight, to perch
- (intransitive) to land (of aircraft or airborne objects)
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of ка́цам (conjugation 3, imperfective, intransitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | ка́цащ kácašt |
ка́цал, каца́л1 kácal, kacál1 |
ка́цал kácal |
— | ка́цайки kácajki | |
| definite subject form | ка́цащият kácaštijat |
ка́цалият, каца́лият1 kácalijat, kacálijat1 |
— | — | |||
| definite object form | ка́цащия kácaštija |
ка́цалия, каца́лия1 kácalija, kacálija1 |
— | — | |||
| feminine | indefinite | ка́цаща kácašta |
ка́цала, каца́ла1 kácala, kacála1 |
ка́цала kácala |
— | ||
| definite | ка́цащата kácaštata |
ка́цалата, каца́лата1 kácalata, kacálata1 |
— | — | |||
| neuter | indefinite | ка́цащо kácašto |
ка́цало, каца́ло1 kácalo, kacálo1 |
ка́цало kácalo |
— | ка́цане kácane | |
| definite | ка́цащото kácaštoto |
ка́цалото, каца́лото1 kácaloto, kacáloto1 |
— | — | ка́цането kácaneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | ка́цащи kácašti |
ка́цали, каца́ли1 kácali, kacáli1 |
ка́цали kácali |
— | ка́цания, ка́цанета kácanija, kácaneta | |
| definite | ка́цащите kácaštite |
ка́цалите, каца́лите1 kácalite, kacálite1 |
— | — | ка́цанията, ка́цанетата kácanijata, kácanetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | ка́цам kácam |
ка́цаш kácaš |
ка́ца káca |
ка́цаме kácame |
ка́цате kácate |
ка́цат kácat | |
| imperfect | ка́цах kácah |
ка́цаше kácaše |
ка́цаше kácaše |
ка́цахме kácahme |
ка́цахте kácahte |
ка́цаха kácaha | |
| aorist | ка́цах, каца́х1 kácah, kacáh1 |
ка́ца, каца́1 káca, kacá1 |
ка́ца, каца́1 káca, kacá1 |
ка́цахме, каца́хме1 kácahme, kacáhme1 |
ка́цахте, каца́хте1 kácahte, kacáhte1 |
ка́цаха, каца́ха1 kácaha, kacáha1 | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́цал m, ка́цала f, ка́цало n, or ка́цали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́цал m, ка́цала f, ка́цало n, or ка́цали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́цал m, ка́цала f, ка́цало n, or ка́цали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ка́цал/каца́л1 m, ка́цала/каца́ла1 f, ка́цало/каца́ло1 n, or ка́цали/каца́ли1 pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| ка́цай kácaj |
ка́цайте kácajte |
||||||
1Dialectally marked.
Alternative forms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- ка́цвам (kácvam) (semelfactive)
- нака́цам pf (nakácam), нака́цвам impf (nakácvam)
- ска́цам pf (skácam), ска́цвам impf (skácvam) (dialectal)
Related terms[edit]
- кача́ (kačá), ка́чвам (káčvam, “to climb, to hang up”)
- скок (skok, “leap, jump”)
- ска́чам (skáčam, “to jump”)
References[edit]
- “кацам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
- “кацам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “кацам, кацвам, кацна”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 286