москаль

Old Ruthenian

Alternative forms

моска́лъ (moskál)

Etymology

From a contraction of Ottoman Turkish مسقولو (moskovlu, “Russian”, literally “Muscovite”).^[1] Attested since at least 1582.

Noun

москаль • (moskalʹ) m pers

a Muscovite
(collective) Muscovites
Synonyms: москва́ (moskvá), москвити́нъ (moskvitín)

Descendants

Belarusian: маска́ль (maskálʹ)
Carpathian Rusyn: моска́ль (moskálʹ)
Ukrainian: моска́ль (moskálʹ)

References

^ Kazem-Beg, Mirza Mohammad-Ali (1851), Derbend-Nâmeh, or The History of Derbend, published with notes by Mirza A. Kazem-Beg‎^[1], Russian Academy of Sciences, page 16:
روسيه و مسقو: We sometimes meet with the words Russiyeh and Mosgkou together, in some of the Eastern authors; by the former we should understand rather Slavonia, and by the latter the Russia of later centuries. The word Mosgkou, the name of the great capital of the country, has for many ages been used as a proper name for all Russia by the Ottomans, the same as Moscovy by some European writers. The word Mosgkowly, i.e. Moscovian, denotes among the Ottomans the Russians in general; and its contraction, namely Moscal was, with many other Turkish words, introduced among the Malo-Russian, or the inhabitants of little Russia, as a proper name for their Northern brethren.

Russian

Etymology

Derived from Old Ruthenian москаль (moskalʹ), from a contraction of Ottoman Turkish مسقولو (moskovlu, “Russian”, literally “Muscovite”).^[1] Its recent negative association originated from referring to soldiers from the Imperial Russian Army, and later applied to the Soviet Army and Russians in general. By surface analysis, Москва (Moskva) +‎ -аль (-alʹ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [mɐˈskalʲ]

Noun

моска́ль • (moskálʹ) m anim (genitive москаля́, nominative plural москали́, genitive plural москале́й, relational adjective моска́льский)

(Ukraine, Southern Russia, Belarus, ethnic slur) a Muscovite, someone from Moscow or the surrounding region.
(by extension, Ukraine, Belarus, ethnic slur) any Russian person, Russki.
Synonym: каца́п (kacáp)
- 1869, Aleksey Pisemsky, Люди сороковых годов (Men of the Forties):
  Николай Силыч был заклятый хохол и в душе ненавидел всех москалей вообще и всякое начальство в особенности.
  Nikolaj Silyč byl zakljatyj xoxol i v duše nenavidel vsex moskalej voobšče i vsjakoje načalʹstvo v osobennosti.
  Nikolai Silych was a sworn khokhol and in his heart he hated all moskals in general, and any authorities in particular.
(Ukraine, archaic) any Imperial Russian soldier
- 1829, Orest Somov, Сказки о кладах (Tales of treasures):
  Все мигом выскочили за дверь, потому что малороссияне не любят или, правду сказать, не смеют спорить с москалем — так они называют всякого военного человека, особенно пехотных полков.
  Vse migom vyskočili za dverʹ, potomu što malorossijane ne ljubjat ili, pravdu skazatʹ, ne smejut sporitʹ s moskalem — tak oni nazyvajut vsjakovo vojennovo čeloveka, osobenno pexotnyx polkov.
  Everyone immediately ran out the door, because the Little Russians don’t like, or, to tell the truth, don’t dare argue with a moskal — that’s what they call every military person, especially infantry regiments.

Declension

Declension of моска́ль (anim masc-form soft-stem accent-b)

	singular	plural
nominative	моска́ль moskálʹ	москали́ moskalí
genitive	москаля́ moskaljá	москале́й moskaléj
dative	москалю́ moskaljú	москаля́м moskaljám
accusative	москаля́ moskaljá	москале́й moskaléj
instrumental	москалём moskaljóm	москаля́ми moskaljámi
prepositional	москале́ moskalé	москаля́х moskaljáx

Derived terms

москало́та (moskalóta)
моска́лька (moskálʹka)
москаля́к (moskalják)

Descendants

→ Romanian: muscal

References

^ Kazem-Beg, Mirza Mohammad-Ali (1851), Derbend-Nâmeh, or The History of Derbend, published with notes by Mirza A. Kazem-Beg‎^[2], Russian Academy of Sciences, page 16:
روسيه و مسقو: We sometimes meet with the words Russiyeh and Mosgkou together, in some of the Eastern authors; by the former we should understand rather Slavonia, and by the latter the Russia of later centuries. The word Mosgkou, the name of the great capital of the country, has for many ages been used as a proper name for all Russia by the Ottomans, the same as Moscovy by some European writers. The word Mosgkowly, i.e. Moscovian, denotes among the Ottomans the Russians in general; and its contraction, namely Moscal was, with many other Turkish words, introduced among the Malo-Russian, or the inhabitants of little Russia, as a proper name for their Northern brethren.

Ukrainian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Ruthenian москаль (moskalʹ), from a contraction of Ottoman Turkish مسقولو (moskovlu, “Russian”, literally “Muscovite”).^[1] Its recent negative association originated from referring to soldiers from the Imperial Russian Army, and later applied to the Soviet Army and Russians in general. By surface analysis, Москва (Moskva) +‎ -аль (-alʹ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [mɔˈskalʲ]
Audio: (file)

Noun

моска́ль • (moskálʹ) m pers (genitive москаля́, nominative plural москалі́, genitive plural москалі́в, female equivalent моска́лька, relational adjective моска́льський)

(derogatory, ethnic slur) a Russian person, especially if Muscovite; Russki.
Чи ти ві́риш, що москалі́ з'ї́ли все на́ше са́ло?
Čy ty víryš, ščo moskalí zʺjíly vse náše sálo?
Do you (really) believe that Russkies have eaten all our salo (lard)?
(derogatory, ethnic slur) a Muscovite
Synonym: москви́ч m (moskvýč)
(archaic, neutral) a Russian person; an inhabitant of the Russian Empire; a Great Russian
(archaic) An Imperial Russian soldier.

Declension

Declension of *моска́ль*
(pers soft masc-form accent-b)
	singular	plural
nominative	моска́ль moskálʹ	москалі́ moskalí
genitive	москаля́ moskaljá	москалі́в moskalív
dative	москале́ві, москалю́ moskalévi, moskaljú	москаля́м moskaljám
accusative	москаля́ moskaljá	москалі́в moskalív
instrumental	москале́м moskalém	москаля́ми moskaljámy
locative	москале́ві, москалю́, москалі́ moskalévi, moskaljú, moskalí	москаля́х moskaljáx
vocative	моска́лю moskálju	москалі́ moskalí

Synonyms

(a Russian person): росія́нин (rosijányn) (neutral), каца́п (kacáp) (offensive)

Derived terms

вари, срако, борщ, а я піду на москалів дивитися (vary, srako, boršč, a ja pidu na moskaliv dyvytysja)
москаленя́ (moskalenjá)
москало́та (moskalóta)
москальня́ (moskalʹnjá)

References

^ Kazem-Beg, Mirza Mohammad-Ali (1851), Derbend-Nâmeh, or The History of Derbend, published with notes by Mirza A. Kazem-Beg‎^[3], Russian Academy of Sciences, page 16:
روسيه و مسقو: We sometimes meet with the words Russiyeh and Mosgkou together, in some of the Eastern authors; by the former we should understand rather Slavonia, and by the latter the Russia of later centuries. The word Mosgkou, the name of the great capital of the country, has for many ages been used as a proper name for all Russia by the Ottomans, the same as Moscovy by some European writers. The word Mosgkowly, i.e. Moscovian, denotes among the Ottomans the Russians in general; and its contraction, namely Moscal was, with many other Turkish words, introduced among the Malo-Russian, or the inhabitants of little Russia, as a proper name for their Northern brethren.

Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “москаль”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka

[moskovlu-1] Kazem-Beg, Mirza Mohammad-Ali (1851), Derbend-Nâmeh, or The History of Derbend, published with notes by Mirza A. Kazem-Beg‎^[1], Russian Academy of Sciences, page 16:
روسيه و مسقو: We sometimes meet with the words Russiyeh and Mosgkou together, in some of the Eastern authors; by the former we should understand rather Slavonia, and by the latter the Russia of later centuries. The word Mosgkou, the name of the great capital of the country, has for many ages been used as a proper name for all Russia by the Ottomans, the same as Moscovy by some European writers. The word Mosgkowly, i.e. Moscovian, denotes among the Ottomans the Russians in general; and its contraction, namely Moscal was, with many other Turkish words, introduced among the Malo-Russian, or the inhabitants of little Russia, as a proper name for their Northern brethren.

[moskovlu-2] Kazem-Beg, Mirza Mohammad-Ali (1851), Derbend-Nâmeh, or The History of Derbend, published with notes by Mirza A. Kazem-Beg‎^[2], Russian Academy of Sciences, page 16:
روسيه و مسقو: We sometimes meet with the words Russiyeh and Mosgkou together, in some of the Eastern authors; by the former we should understand rather Slavonia, and by the latter the Russia of later centuries. The word Mosgkou, the name of the great capital of the country, has for many ages been used as a proper name for all Russia by the Ottomans, the same as Moscovy by some European writers. The word Mosgkowly, i.e. Moscovian, denotes among the Ottomans the Russians in general; and its contraction, namely Moscal was, with many other Turkish words, introduced among the Malo-Russian, or the inhabitants of little Russia, as a proper name for their Northern brethren.

[moskovlu-3] Kazem-Beg, Mirza Mohammad-Ali (1851), Derbend-Nâmeh, or The History of Derbend, published with notes by Mirza A. Kazem-Beg‎^[3], Russian Academy of Sciences, page 16:
روسيه و مسقو: We sometimes meet with the words Russiyeh and Mosgkou together, in some of the Eastern authors; by the former we should understand rather Slavonia, and by the latter the Russia of later centuries. The word Mosgkou, the name of the great capital of the country, has for many ages been used as a proper name for all Russia by the Ottomans, the same as Moscovy by some European writers. The word Mosgkowly, i.e. Moscovian, denotes among the Ottomans the Russians in general; and its contraction, namely Moscal was, with many other Turkish words, introduced among the Malo-Russian, or the inhabitants of little Russia, as a proper name for their Northern brethren.

[1]

[1]

[1]

Old Ruthenian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Descendants

References

Further reading

Russian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Ukrainian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

References