стремя

See also: стрёма and стрэмя

Bulgarian

Etymology

Related to стре́меж (strémež).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [strɛˈmʲɤ̟]
• Rhymes: -mʲɤ
• Syllabification^(key): стре‧мя

Verb

стремя́ • (stremjá) first-singular present indicative, impf

1. (transitive, literary) to direct, to guide, to aim (to direct someone or something toward a goal, direction, or object)

   Учителят стремеше учениците към самостоятелно мислене, а не към механично повтаряне.

   Učiteljat stremeše učenicite kǎm samostojatelno mislene, a ne kǎm mehanično povtarjane.

   The teacher directed the students toward independent thinking, not mechanical repetition.

   Тази идея стремеше цялото му творчество към по-голяма яснота и простота.

   Tazi ideja stremeše cjaloto mu tvorčestvo kǎm po-goljama jasnota i prostota.

   This idea guided all his work toward greater clarity and simplicity.

2. (reflexive, intransitive) to strive, to aspire, to seek (to make efforts to achieve something)

   Той се стреми да завърши проекта преди крайния срок.

   Toj se stremi da zavǎrši proekta predi krajnija srok.

   He strives to finish the project before the deadline.

   Младите учени се стремят към признание и възможност за свободна работа.

   Mladite učeni se stremjat kǎm priznanie i vǎzmožnost za svobodna rabota.

   Young scholars aspire to recognition and the chance to work freely.

3. (reflexive, intransitive) to aim, to tend, to be directed (to move, develop, or be directed toward a certain place, state, or result)

   Реката се стреми към равнината, където течението ѝ става по-бавно.

   Rekata se stremi kǎm ravninata, kǎdeto tečenieto ì stava po-bavno.

   The river tends toward the plain, where its current becomes slower.

   Политиката на правителството се стреми към по-строг контрол върху разходите.

   Politikata na pravitelstvoto se stremi kǎm po-strog kontrol vǎrhu razhodite.

   The government’s policy aims at stricter control over spending.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of стремя́ (conjugation 2.1, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	стремя́щ stremjášt	стреми́л stremíl	стремя́л stremjál	стреме́н stremén		стреме́йки streméjki
	definite subject form	стремя́щият stremjáštijat	стреми́лият stremílijat	—	стреме́ният streménijat
	definite object form	стремя́щия stremjáštija	стреми́лия stremílija	—	стреме́ния streménija
feminine	indefinite	стремя́ща stremjášta	стреми́ла stremíla	стремя́ла stremjála	стреме́на streména
	definite	стремя́щата stremjáštata	стреми́лата stremílata	—	стреме́ната streménata
neuter	indefinite	стремя́що stremjášto	стреми́ло stremílo	стремя́ло stremjálo	стреме́но streméno	стреме́не streméne
	definite	стремя́щото stremjáštoto	стреми́лото stremíloto	—	стреме́ното streménoto	стреме́нето streméneto
plural	indefinite	стремя́щи stremjášti	стреми́ли stremíli	стреме́ли streméli	стреме́ни streméni	стреме́ния, стреме́нета streménija, streméneta
	definite	стремя́щите stremjáštite	стреми́лите stremílite	—	стреме́ните streménite	стреме́нията, стреме́нетата streménijata, streménetata

person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		стремя́ stremjá	стреми́ш stremíš	стреми́ stremí	стреми́м stremím	стреми́те stremíte	стремя́т stremját
imperfect		стремя́х stremjáh	стреме́ше streméše	стреме́ше streméše	стремя́хме stremjáhme	стремя́хте stremjáhte	стремя́ха stremjáha
aorist		стреми́х stremíh	стреми́ stremí	стреми́ stremí	стреми́хме stremíhme	стреми́хте stremíhte	стреми́ха stremíha
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and стремя́л m, стремя́ла f, стремя́ло n, or стреме́ли pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and стремя́л m, стремя́ла f, стремя́ло n, or стреме́ли pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and стремя́л m, стремя́ла f, стремя́ло n, or стреме́ли pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and стреми́л m, стреми́ла f, стреми́ло n, or стреми́ли pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
			стреми́ stremí			стреме́те streméte

References

• “стремя”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “стремя”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Russian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stremę, *strьmę. Cognate with Polish strzemię, etc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈstrʲemʲə]
• Rhymes: -emʲə

Noun

стре́мя • (strémja) n inan (genitive стре́мени, nominative plural стремена́, genitive plural стремя́н, relational adjective стременно́й or стремя́нный, diminutive стре́мечко)

1. stirrup
2. (anatomy) stapes

Declension

Declension of стре́мя (inan neut-form 3rd-decl accent-c irreg) 

	singular	plural
nominative	стре́мя strémja	стремена́ stremená
genitive	стре́мени strémeni	стремя́н△ stremján△
dative	стре́мени strémeni	стремена́м stremenám
accusative	стре́мя strémja	стремена́ stremená
instrumental	стре́менем strémenem	стремена́ми stremenámi
prepositional	стре́мени strémeni	стремена́х stremenáx

^△ Irregular.

Pre-reform declension of стре́мя (inan neut-form 3rd-decl accent-c irreg) 

	singular	plural
nominative	стре́мя strémja	стремена́ stremená
genitive	стре́мени strémeni	стремя́нъ△ stremján△
dative	стре́мени strémeni	стремена́мъ stremenám
accusative	стре́мя strémja	стремена́ stremená
instrumental	стре́менемъ strémenem	стремена́ми stremenámi
prepositional	стре́мени strémeni	стремена́хъ stremenáx

^△ Irregular.

Derived terms

• стремя́нка f (stremjánka)

References

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “стремя”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999), “стремя”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 209

Further reading

• Dal, Vladimir (1880–1882), “стремя”, in Толковый Словарь живаго великорускаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Publication of the bookseller-typographer Wolf, M. O.
• Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912), “стрьмьнь::стремень”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[1] (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 566
• Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912), “стрьмѧ::стремѧ”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[2] (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 567

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [strʲɪˈmʲa]

Participle

стремя́ • (stremjá)

1. present adverbial imperfective participle of стреми́ть (stremítʹ)